Download 8 How Do Organisms Reproduce

Assignments in Science Class X (Term II)
8
How Do Organisms Reproduce
IMPORTANT NOTES
1. In asexual reproduction, certain body cells
undergo repeated mitotic divisions and give
rise to two or more new organisms of the
same kind.
2. Different methods of asexual reproduction are
— fission, budding, fragmentation, spore
formation,
regeneration,
vegetative
propagation, parthenogenesis and tissue
culture.
3. Fission is a process of division of a single
celled organism into two or many cells (called
binary and multiple fission respectively), e.g.,
Amoeba.
4. Budding is a method of reproduction in which
a protuberance develops on the mother
organism’s body, attains full maturity and then
detaches, e.g., Yeast or Hydra.
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
5. Spore formation : Spores are the special cells
formed within special structures called
‘sporangia’ that disseminate and can form the
entire plant. This is exclusive to the plant
kingdom, e.g., mushroom/ferns/mosses.
Vegetative part
1. Leaf
2. Root
3. Stem
4. Vegetative buds
called bulbil
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
8. Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
(i) It allows quicker and easy propagation.
(ii) Better qualities of the plants can be
maintained and the quality can even be
enhanced as in seedless oranges.
(iii) It results in propagation of those plants
which do not produce viable seeds or
produce seeds with prolonged period of
dormancy.
9. Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation
Most of these propagated plants do not
produce viable seeds and hence curtail natural
reproduction.
10. Regeneration is the ability of an organism to
replace or repair any lost part. Sometimes, an
entire organism can be made from its
fragmented body, e.g., Planaria. When an
unfertilised egg can be made to develop into
an entire organism, it is known as
‘Parthenogenesis’ in animals and
‘Parthenocarpy’ in plants.
11. The reproductive part of a plant is its flower.
A complete flower has four whorls —sepals,
petals, androecium and gynoecium.
6. Vegetative propagation is a method of
reproduction in which a vegetative plant part
(i.e., a non-reproductive part or a nonflowering part) produces a new plant.
L
YA
O
G
is buried under the soil for a while, till
it strikes new roots. It is then detached
from the mother plant, e.g., Jasmine. This
is called ‘soil layering’. The other form
of layering is ‘air layering’ in which
incision is made on the bark of a tree
and covered with moist soil.
When rooting takes place in the cut
portion, the entire portion is cut and used
for propagation.
(iii) Grafting is a process in which two parts
of different plants are joined by
bandaging them tightly. This allows
cambial activity to unite the two portions.
The one that contributes the root is called
‘stock’ and the one that contributes the
shoot is known as ‘scion’.
Bicoloured roses/different varieties of
mangoes are made by this method.
Example
Bryophyllum/Kalanchoe
Mint/Seasam
Rose/Mango
Agave
7. For artificial propagation by man, the
commonly used methods are :
(i) Cutting in which a stem is given an
oblique cut and the cut stem is kept
under appropriate conditions to give rise
to an entirely new plant, e.g., Rose /
China rose.
(ii) Layering is a process in which the stem,
while still attached to the mother plant
1
12. Male gametes are the pollen grains produced
by the anther lobes and the female gametes
are the ova within ovules present inside
ovaries.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
13. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther
to the stigma is known as pollination.
Vas deferens
Urethra
Penis
Accessory glands (seminal vesicle and
prostrate gland)
21. Female reproductive system in humans
consists of the following organs —
(i) Ovaries
(ii) Fallopian tubes or oviducts
(iii) Uterus or womb
(iv) Vagina
22. The gonads control and regulate three major
functions :
14. After pollination, pollens get deposited on the
stigma. The pollen germinates by forming
pollen tubes. Each tube carries two male nuclei
at its tip.
(b) They help in the functioning of the
accessory sex organs (i.e., organs which
are a part of the reproductive system but
do not directly produce gametes).
15. The ovary bears ovules. The number of ovules
vary from one (as in mango) to many (as in
orchid). Each ovule contains an embryo sac
which has a haploid egg and two other haploid
nuclei which fuse to form a polar nucleus.
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
16. During syngamy, the first male nucleus fuses
with the ovum to form the zygote. The second
male nucleus fuses with the polar nucleus to
form the endosperm.
18. In most animals single individual produces
only one type of gametes and hence is
unisexual. However, there are organisms that
possess both testicles and ovaries and are
called bisexuals or hermaphrodites, e.g.,
earthworm and leech.
(a) Vas deferens
(b) Urethra is a common passage for the
release of urine as well as sperms.
Testicles function throughout the life of
a man, from puberty onwards, though
the quality of the sperms declines with
age.
24. The attainment of sexual maturity is known
as puberty. The female puberty is considered
to be attained with the first menstrual discharge
and this is called ‘Menarche’. The stoppage
of menstruation marks the end of the
reproductive life in females and is known as
‘Menopause’.
19. The fusion of the two gametes is known as
‘fertilisation’:
Fertilisation
Internal (within the
body of the female
e.g., birds/human)
(c) They help in the development of
secondary sex characters like breast
development in girls and growth of facial
hair in boys.
23. In male the testicles are lodged in the scrotum
outside the body as the process of sperm
formation requires a temperature lower than
the normal body temperature. The other parts
of this system are :
17. The entire process is summarised as “double
fertilisation” and ‘triple fusion’. The fertilised
ovule develops into a seed and the fertilised
ovary into a fruit.
L
YA
O
G
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
(a) Produce the gametes as well as the sex
hormones (testosterone is produced by
the testicles and estrogen and
progesterone by the ovaries).
External (In the medium
like water outside the
female body e.g., frog/fish)
25. Population control involves measures by which
fertilisation is prevented. The three common
methods are :
20. Male reproductive system in human consists
of the following organs —
(i) Testes in the scrotum
(ii) Epididymis
(a) Physical barrier methods like condoms
or placing of IUCDs (Intra Uterine
Contraceptive Devices) in the uterus of
the female.
2
(b) Chemical methods like use of oral or
vaginal pills.
(c) Surgical methods which involves a
surgery in which the tubes conducting
the gametes are cut and tied. It is known
as vasectomy in males and tubectomy in
females.
healthy ones during sexual contacts.
Gonorrhoea and syphilis are common STDs.
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome) is also transmitted by sexual
contact. Responsible sexual behaviour and
prudence can help to prevent the spread of
STDs. Both government (National Population
Policy and National Health Policy) and nongovernment organisations are endeavouring to
control the fertility rate.
26. STDs are sexually transmitted diseases, also
called veneral diseases (VDs). They are
transmitted from the infected individuals to
I. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
(1 Mark)
A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
12. Which parts of the flower transform into the
seed and fruit?
13. Which group of plants shows double
[HOTS]
fertilisation?
14. What is the function of pollen grains in
flowers?
15. Where is the zygote located in the flower after
[HOTS]
fertilisation?
16. What are gonads?
17. What is external fertilisation?
18. What is internal fertilisation?
19. What is semen?
20. Where are the ova produced in woman?
21. What are oral contraceptives?
22. What is epididymis? What is the function of
epididymis?
23. What are the functions of urethra?
24. What are the secondary sexual characters in
human male?
25. When does puberty occur in human male and
female?
1. What is a spore?
2. Name two plants which reproduce through
spores.
3. Why is regeneration considered a method of
reproduction?
4. Which vegetative part is used in the
propagation of bryophyllum and mint?
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
5. Name two types of layering.
6. Which technique would you use for
propagating improved varieties of mango and
rose?
7. Mention one physiological advantage of
grafting quality roses on wild rose stock.
L
YA
O
G
[HOTS]
8. Give two examples of organisms, which can
regenerate from small part of their body.
9. Name the plant whose intact leaves produce
plantlets along the margin.
10. What is the main difference between stem
cutting and layering?
11. Which process results in zygote?
B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS
1. Name the type of fission carried out by
Amoeba.
[2009]
5. List two functions performed by ovaries in a
human female.
[2006]
6. Write the full form of IUCD.
[2005]
7. Write the full expansion of HIV.
[2005]
8. Name any two sexually transmitted diseases.
2. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the
process of reproduction?
[2009]
3. What is the effect of DNA copying which is
not perfectly accurate on the reproduction
process?
[2008]
[2004]
9. List the general characteristics of the pollen
grains of wind-pollinated plants.
[2000]
4. Write the expanded form of AIDS. [2006, 2005]
3
II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS–I
(2 Marks)
A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Suggest two
reproduction.
advantages
of
9. What are the advantages of tissue culture?
asexual
[HOTS]
10. In tobacco plant, the male gametes have
twenty-four chromosomes. What is the number
of chromosomes in the female gamete? What
is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?
2. When and how does multiple fission take
place?
3. Some crop plants can be grown from a seed
as well as vegetatively from stem cutting. List
any four advantages of vegetative propagation
in such cases.
[HOTS]
[HOTS]
11. Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers
[HOTS]
if pollination does not occur?
4. “Grafting is a common method of obtaining a
superior plant from two different plants”.
Explain.
12. Give two reasons for the appearance of
variations among the progeny formed by
sexual reproduction.
[HOTS]
5. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, but
multiply in sugar solution. Give one reason
for this.
[HOTS]
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
13. In a bisexual flower inspite of the young
stamens being removed artificially, the flower
produces fruit. Provide a suitable explanation
for the above situation.
[HOTS]
6. Can you consider cell division as a type of
reproduction in unicellular organism? Give one
reason?
[HOTS]
14. What are the changes seen in girls at the time
of puberty?
7. Why does bread mould grow profusely on a
moist slice of bread rather than on a dry slice
of bread?
[HOTS]
15. What changes are observed in the uterus if
[HOTS]
fertilisation does not occur?
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
16. What are the benefits of using mechanical
barriers during sexual act?
[HOTS]
8. Draw a diagram of longitudinal section of a
pistil showing pollen germination and label
the following parts.
(i) style
(ii) pollen tube [HOTS]
17. Explain how, offspring and parents of
organisms reproducing sexually have the same
number of chromosomes?
[HOTS]
B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS
L
YA
O
G
1. What is placenta? State its any two roles during
[2011 (T-II)]
pregnancy.
2. State in brief any two functions of copper-T
[2011 (T-II)]
used by some women.
3. In what respect is the human male gamete
different from the female gamete?
7. Name the type of asexual reproduction in :
(a) Planaria
(b) Rhizopus
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Hydra [2011 (T-II)]
8. (a) Surgical methods can be used to create a
block in the reproductive system for
contraceptive purposes. Name such parts
where blocks are created in :
(i) Males (ii) Females
(b) State any two reasons for using
[2011 (T-II)]
contraceptive devices.
9. (a) What is vegetative propagation?
(b) Write any two advantages of practising
[2011 (T-II)]
this method.
10. How does the process of budding differ from
the process of spore formation? [2011 (T-II)]
11. (a) Out of the following plants which two
plants are reproduced by vegetative
propagation?
jasmine, wheat, mustard, banana
[2011 (T-II)]
4. What will happen when :
(a) A mature Spirogyra filament attains
considerable length?
(b) Planaria gets cut into two pieces?
[2011 (T-II)]
5. (a) Give reason : Regeneration is not the
same as Reproduction.
(b) State the mode of a sexual reproduction
[2011 (T-II)]
in Plasmodium
6. State in brief the role of the prostate gland
and seminal vesicles in the male reproductive
[2011 (T-II)]
system?
4
(b) List any one advantage of practising this
[2011 (T-II)]
kind of propagation.
12. List any two reasons for adopting contraceptive
[2011 (T-II)]
methods.
13. (a) Why do testes located in scrotum outside
the abdominal cavity?
(b) What will happen to ovary and ovule after
fertilization in angiospermic plants.
20. With the help of a diagram only show
regeneration in Planaria. Regeneration is not
possible in all types of animals. Why?
[2011 (T-II)]
21. How does the process of seed germination
take place in plants? Describe in brief.
[2011 (T-II)]
22. How do sexual and asexual reproduction lead
to speciation? Give one point for each.
[2011 (T-II)]
[2011 (T-II)]
14. (a) Name two animals which reproduce
asexually?
(b) What are the male and female gonads in
human beings known as? [2011 (T-II)]
15. State the significance of human testis being
[2011 (T-II)]
located in the scrotum?
16. The organisms formed by asexual reproduction
are considered as clones. Why? State the
advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual
[2011 (T-II)]
reproduction.
17. (a) What is the site of implantation and
development of young one in human
female?
(b) Mention two advantages of using
mechanical barriers during sexual act.
23. Name the sex hormones secreted by male and
female sex organs in human beings. State one
[2011 (T-II)]
function of each.
24. State the mode of reproduction in following
organisms :
Earthworm, Frog, Rhizopus, Plasmodium.
[2011 (T-II)]
25. What are sexually transmitted diseases? Name
an STD which damages the immune system
of human body?
[2011 (T-II), 2009]
26. What is reproduction? What are its two types?
Which one of the two confers new
characteristics of the offspring and how?
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
[2009]
27. What is binary fission? Draw a diagram to
show binary fission in Amoeba.
[2009]
28. What is regeneration? State a reason why a
more complex organism cannot give rise to
new individuals through this method. [2009]
29. Name the male and female gametes in animals.
What is fertilisation and where does it take
place in human females?
[2009]
30. Name one sexually transmitted disease each
caused due to bacterial infection and viral
infection. How can these be prevented? [2008]
31. Name any two sexually transmitted diseases.
What advice is given to prevent them? [2008]
32. What methods will you use for growing
jasmine and rose plant?
[2004]
33. Describe how the sex of the offspring is
determined in the zygote in human beings.
[2011 (T-II)]
18. (a) Leaves of Bryophyllum fallen on the
ground produce new plants whereas the
leaves of jasmine do not. Why?
(b) Write two points of differences between
asexual and sexual reproduction.
[2011 (T-II)]
19. In a bisexual flower inspite of the young
stamens being removed artificially, the flower
produces fruit. Give reasons.
(a) Name the parts of the flower which
ripens to form fruit and seed?
(b) In the following diagram label A and B.
L
YA
O
G
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
[2011 (T-II)]
[2004]
III. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS–II
(3 Marks)
A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate between binary fission and
multiple fission.
2. Can an unfertilised egg form a new organism
in the sexually reproducing type of organism?
5
10. Mention the important post-fertilisation
[HOTS]
changes in a flower.
11. What is a seed? How does it help in
[HOTS]
reproduction in plants?
12. What are the advantages of sexual
reproduction over asexual reproduction?
13. If a woman is using a copper-T, will it help in
protecting her from sexually transmitted
[HOTS]
diseases?
14. How are the modes of reproduction different
in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
15. Mention the methods used for regulation of
child birth.
16. Describe the surgical method of birth control.
17. Differentiate between menarche and
menopause.
18. Why is it said that “sexual reproduction
promotes diversity of characters in the
[HOTS]
offsprings”?
19. What would be the ratio of chromosome
number between an egg and its zygote? How
is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Describe the two terms associated with the
same.
[HOTS]
3. Justify that parthenogenesis is not the same as
asexual reproduction.
4. What criteria and precautions should be taken
into consideration while selecting stock and
[HOTS]
scion?
5. With the help of a neat sketch illustrate any
three natural methods of vegetative
propagation.
6. Only through labelled diagrammatic
representation, represent the process of
budding as seen in Hydra.
7. How are general growth and sexual maturation
[HOTS]
different from each other?
8. Draw a diagram to illustrate fertilisation in a
flowering plant and label the following on it
(a) Pollen grains
(b) Egg
9. Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal
section of a flower.
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS
1. In a sexually reproducing plant, what happens
to zygote formed after fertilization? State in
brief.
[2011 (T-II)]
(b) What happens in case the eggs released
by the ovary is not fertilized?
2. State in brief the function of the following
organs in the human female reproductive
system:
(a) Ovary
(b) Fallopian tube
(c) Uterus
[2011 (T-II)]
6. (a) Draw a neat diagram of longitudinal
section of an ovule to show fertilization
of pollen on stigma and label the following
parts:
3. (a) Identify the asexual method of
reproduction in each of the following
organisms :
(i) rose
(ii) yeast
(iii) planaria
(iii) Ovary
(iv) Female germ cell
(b) Give any two advantages of vegetative
propagation.
[2011 (T-II)]
7. In the diagram of human male reproductive
system given below :
L
YA
O
G
[2011 (T-II)]
(i) Pollen Tube (ii) Stigma
(b) What is fragmentation? Name a
multicellular organism which reproduces
by this method.
[2011 (T-II)]
4. State the role of father and mother in the
determination of sex of new born child.
Support your answer with a suitable
illustration.
[2011 (T-II)]
5. (a) How many eggs are produced every
month by either of the ovaries in a human
female?
Where does fertilization take place in the
female reproductive system?
6
(i) Vas deferens
(iii) Prostate gland
(a) Label parts A and B.
(ii) Testis
[2011 (T-II)]
(b) Name the hormone produced by organ
‘X’. What is the role of this hormone in
the human male?
13. (a) Name an organism in which binary fission
occurs in a definite orientation.
(c) Mention the name of substances that are
transported by tubes
(b) Draw a neat diagram of a germinating
seed and label on it the following :
(i) C
(ii) D
[2011 (T-II)]
8. Differentiate between :
(a) Asexual and sexual reproduction.
(b) Plumule and Radicle
(c) Pollination and Fertilization [2011 (T-II)]
Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle
[2011 (T-II)]
14. (a) Name the parts 1 to 5 of human female
reproductive system.
(b) Name the part in which fertilization takes
[2011 (T-II)]
place in the system.
9. (a) Why is vegetative propagation practised
for growing some types of plants?
(b) Name the different parts of a flower that
has germ cells.
(c) List any two agents of pollination.
[2011 (T-II)]
10. (a) What is the difference between self
pollination and cross pollination?
(b) What happens to the pollen which falls
on a suitable stigma? Explain.
15. (a) How do the oral pills function as
contraceptives?
[2011 (T-II)]
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
11. Name the parts A, B and C shown in the
given diagram and state one function of each
part.
[2011 (T-II)]
L
YA
O
G
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
(b) The use of these pills may be harmful.
[2011 (T-II)]
Why?
16. List and describe in brief any three ways
[2011 (T-II)]
devised to avoid pregnancy.
17. (a) Draw a neat diagram of female
reproductive system in human being and
label on it :
(i) the part which secretes ova.
(ii) the part where implantation takes
place.
(b) What happens if the fallopian tube is
blocked?
[2011 (T-II)]
12. State one function of each of the following
parts of human male reproductive system.
18. Study the given data and answer the questions that follow :
1
Parental plant cross fertilized and
seeds collected
2
F1 Generation offspring
3
F2 Generation offspring
after self pollination of F1
hybrid
Male parent - Round Green seeds
Female parent - Wrinked Yellow
seeds
All seeds - Round Yellow
314- Round Yellow
110- Round Green
102- Wrinkled Yellow
32- Wrinkled Green
7
(a) What is the term given to this type of
cross?
25. What is vegetative propagation? When is it
used? Name three methods of vegetative
[2006]
propagation.
(b) What does the data in column 2
indicates?
26. (i) Which are the two main types of
reproduction in living organisms?
State how did you arrive at this
[2011 (T-II)]
conclusion.
(ii) Classify the following under these two
types:
19. (a) Explain the terms : (i) implantation
(ii) placenta
Amoeba, Frog, Earthworm, Yeast. [2006]
27. What are the male and female gonads in
human beings? State any two functions of each
[2006]
of them.
(b) What is the average duration of human
[2009]
pregnancy?
20. Illustrate the following with the help of suitable
diagrams :
28. Define any three of the following terms used
in relation to human reproduction :
(i) Fertilisation (ii) Implantation
(iii) Placenta
(iv) Gestation
[2005]
(v) Parturition
(i) Binary fission in Amoeba
(ii) Leaf of Bryophyllum with buds. [2008]
21. Illustrate the following with the help of suitable
diagrams :
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
29. (i) When does ovulation occur during the
menstrual cycle in a normal healthy
female?
(i) Spore formation in Rhizopus.
(ii) Multiple fission in Plasmodium. [2008]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the
reproductive system of a human female.
22. Differentiate between ‘self-pollination’ and
‘cross-pollination’. Describe ‘double
[2004, 2007]
fertilisation’ in plants.
[2004]
23. (i) What is fertilisation? Distinguish between
external fertilisation and internal
fertilisation.
30. Name any two Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs). How do these infectious diseases
spread from one person to another? Give two
[2004]
symptoms of STDs.
(ii) What is the site of fertilisation in human
[2007]
beings?
24. Define the terms unisexual and bisexual giving
[2007]
one example of each.
31. Draw a diagram of a flower to show its male
and female reproductive parts. Label on it :
(a) The ovary
(b) The anther
(c) The filament (d) The stigma [2004]
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
IV. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
L
YA
O
G
(5 Marks)
A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Define the term layering. What are its two
types? How is one different from the other?
8. How is tissue culture technique performed?
In which area this technique is finding its
application?
2. Tabulate the process of reproduction into its
various types, giving one example of each type.
9. Why does menstruation occur?
3. How are ornamental plants grown artificially?
[HOTS]
10. What are the factors responsible for the sharp
increase in population?
4. With a set of suitable diagrams, describe the
process of budding as seen in yeast.
11. What do you know about reproductive health
of human beings?
5. Reproduction is essentially a phenomenon that
is not for survival of an individual but for the
stability of a species. Justify.
[HOTS]
6. Draw and write about the structure of an ovule.
12. With the help of a diagram, describe how
fertilisation takes place in female reproductive
[HOTS]
system.
7. Explain double fertilisation with the help of a
diagram.
13. Distinguish between a gamete and zygote.
Explain their roles in sexual reproduction.
[HOTS]
8
B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS
1. (a) What is the role of seminal vesicles and
the prostate gland?
(b) What are the three categories of
contraception methods? Write briefly
[2011 (T-II)]
about each.
parts of the human female reproductive
system.
(i) Ovary
(ii) Fallopian Tube
[2011 (T-II)]
(iii) Uterus
6. (a) Differentiate between germination and
fertilization.
(b) State in brief the functions of the
following parts of the human male
reproductive system:
(i) Scrotum
(ii) Testes
[2011 (T-II)]
(iii) Vas deferens
2. (a) Draw longitudinal section of a flower and
label on it the following :
(i) Ovary
(ii) Style
(iii) Stigma
(iv) Anther
Why is vegetative propagation practised for
growing some plants? Give two examples of
plants grown by this method. [2011 (T-II)]
3. (a) In the given figure name the parts marked
1 to 6 :
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
(b) Differentiate between Pollination and
Fertilization.
[2011 (T-II)]
L
YA
O
G
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
7. (a) Draw a neat diagram of the reproductive
system of a human female and label on it
the following :
(i) reproductive part that produces the
female hormone
(ii) site of fertilization
(iii) organ
where
growth
and
development of the embryo takes
place.
(b) How does the growing embryo meet with
its nutritional requirements?
(c) What happens if the ovum is not
fertilized?
(d) Mention a contraceptive method that can
be used by the human female.
[2011 (T-II)]
8. (a) Name the female reproductive part of a
flower. Draw diagram of its longitudinal
section depicting the process of
fertilization of pollen on stigma and label
on it the following:
(i) male germ cell
(ii) female germ cell
(iii) ovary
(b) What happens to the following parts after
fertilization?
(i) ovum
(ii) ovary
(iii) ovule
(iv) sepals and petals
4. (a) In the given figure name the parts marked
1 to 6 :
[2011 (T-II)]
9. (a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of pistil
showing fertilization of pollen on stigma.
(b) Give the functions of : (i) stigma
(ii) ovary
(c) State in brief the formation of seed in a
[2011 (T-II)]
flower.
(b) Differentiate between self pollination and
cross pollination.
[2011 (T-II)]
5. (a) Differentiate between pollen grain and
ovule.
(b) State in brief functions of the following
9
10. (a) State any two changes seen in girls at the
time of puberty.
(b) How does the embryo get nourishment
inside the mother’s body? State in brief.
(c) List any two commonly adopted,
[2011 (T-II)]
contraceptive methods.
11. Draw a neat diagram of the human male
reproductive system and label the parts
performing the following function :
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. (a)
(a) Production of sperms
(b) Gland which provides fluid
(c) Provides low temperature for the
formation of sperms
(d) Common passage for sperms and urine
Name a sexually transmitted disease and
a method to avoid it.
[2011 (T-II)]
(a) State any two changes seen in boys at the
time of puberty?
(b) Define fertilization and implantation.
(c) State the role of ovary and fallopian tube
in human body.
[2011 (T-II)]
(a) What is placenta? Mention its role during
pregnancy.
(b) What will happen if the egg is not
fertilized.
(c) Collection of yeast fail to multiply in
water, but multiply in sugar solution. Give
[2011 (T-II)]
one reason for this.
(a) What is vegetative propagation? How is
it advantageous? Give suitable example.
(b) How will an organism be benefited if it
reproduces through spores?
(c) How is regeneration different from
[2011 (T-II)]
fragmentation?
(a) Draw a diagram showing fertilisation in a
flowering plant and label—stigma, male
germ cell, pollen grain, egg.
(b) List two advantages of vegetative
[2011 (T-II)]
propagation.
(a) Name a plant in which vegetative
propagation takes place by leaves.
(b) Write the causal organism of the following
diseases.
(i) Warts
(ii) Syphilis
(c) Draw a neat diagram of reproductive
system of human female and label the
following parts :
(i) the part which is responsible for
L
YA
O
G
(b)
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
(c)
18. (a)
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
providing shelter to the growing
embryo.
(ii) the part where fertilization takes
place.
(iii) the part in which ovum formation
takes place.
(iv) the part which is ligated to avoid
[2011 (T-II)]
fertilization.
Which device prevents implantation by
irritating the lining of uterus?
What could be the possible reason for
declining female to male sex ratio in our
country. Suggest two measures to achieve
1:1 ratio.
Name those parts of a flower which serve
the same function as the following do in
animals :
(i) Testis
(ii) Ovary
(iii) Eggs
(iv) Sperms [2011 (T-II)]
List two reasons for the appearance of
variations among the progeny formed by
sexual reproductuon.
(i) Name the parts marked “1” and “2”
in the following diagram.
(ii) How does 1 reach on the 2?
(iii) What happens to the part marked 4
after fertilization is over?
(iv) Mention the importance of the part
[2011 (T-II)]
“3”.
(b)
19. (a) Which part of the Bryophyllum develops
into a new plant?
(b) List two basic differences between male
and female germ cells?
(c) State two functions performed by testis in
[2011 (T-II)]
human male.
20. (a) Draw the diagram of a flower to show its
male and female reproductive parts. Label
the following parts in it :
10
(i) Ovary
(ii) Anther
(iii) Filament
(iv) Stigma
(b) How does fusion of male and female
gametes take place in plants? [2011 (T-II)]
27. (a)
21. What is placenta? Describe its structure. State
its function in case of pregnant human female.
(b)
(b)
[2011 (T-II)]
(c)
22. Draw a neat diagram of human male
reproductive system and label on it the
following parts :
23. (a)
(b)
24. (a)
(b)
(c)
25. (a)
(b)
(d)
(i) Prostate gland
(ii) Seminal vesicle
(iii) Testis
State the function of testis. [2011 (T-II)]
Draw a neat diagram to show fertilization
in a flower and label on it the following
parts:
(i) Stigma
(ii) Pollen tube
(iii) Ovary
State the function of pollen tube.
List in tabular form any two differences
between a male gamete and a female
[2011 (T-II)]
gamete.
With the help of diagram show asexual
reproduction in Rhizopus.
How is this method advantageous for
Rhizopus?
How is mode of reproduction in
unicellular organisms differ from
[2011 (T-II)]
multicellular organisms?
State two advantages of vegetative
propagation. Name two plants in which it
is practised.
How does Hydra reproduce? Explain in
brief with the help of a labelled diagram.
L
YA
O
G
(e)
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
28. (a)
(b)
(c)
29. (a)
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
(iii) Vas deference (iv) Prostate glands
State the reason why testes are located
outside the abdominal cavity.[2011 (T-II)]
Why do multicellular organisms, need to
use more complex ways of reproduction?
What is the advantage of reproducing
through spores?
How does variation lead to the survival
of species overtime?
Is fertilization possible without
pollination?
Mention any one difference between self
[2011 (T-II)]
and cross pollination.
Draw a diagram showing germination of
pollen on stigma of a flower.
Label pollen grain, male germ-cells, pollen
tube and female germ-cell in the above
diagram.
[2008]
How is zygote formed?
Explain the role of placenta in the
development of human embryo.
(b) Give example of two bacterial and two
viral sexually transmitted diseases. Name
the most effective contraceptive which
prevents spread of such diseases. [2007]
30. (a) Draw a diagram illustrating fertilisation
in a flowering plant and label on it :
Pollen grain, Male germ cell, Female germ
cell, Stigma.
(b) Describe the process of fertilisation in
[2005]
plants.
31. Give two reasons for avoiding frequent
pregnancies of women. Explain the following
methods of contraception giving one example
of each :
(i) Barrier method
(ii) Chemical method
(iii) Surgical method
[2004]
[2011 (T-II)]
26. (a) Mention the role of following organs of
human male reproductive system.
(i) Testis
(ii) Scrotum
an aquatic plant like pistia, a few mature leaves of
Bryophyllum with young adventitious buds.
Procedure:
(i) Take an old potato tuber and examine it
carefully.
(ii) You will observe ‘eyes’ or small spots on
the potato tuber. These eyes are actually the
nodes of the stem.
A. Experiment
1. Objective :
To study vegetative propagation in potato, an
aquatic plant and Bryophyllum.
Materials Required:
A hand lens (magnifying lens), an old potato tuber,
11
2. Objective :
(iii) With the help of a hand lens (magnifying
lens), examine each eye. There will be a
small adventitious bud in each eye.
(iv) Observe the origin of shoots from the surface
of the tuber.
(v) Draw sketches of a tuber with shoots.
To study and describe the parts of a flower and
their role in several reproduction.
Materials Required:
Flowers of Petunia or China rose, charts of
transverse sections of anther and ovary, permanent
slides of the flowers chosen, dissecting microscope,
beaker, forceps, needle, slides, razor blade and cover
slips.
Procedure:
(i) Keep the floral twigs in a beaker containing
water to prevent drying of flowers.
Vegetative propagation by stem in potato tuber
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
(ii) Examine the position of flower on the twig.
Determine whether it is axillary or terminal;
solitary or an inflorescence.
(vi) Observe an aquatic plant carefully.
(vii) Observe the formation of a new plant and
the region of attachment of both plants.
(viii) Draw diagram of the aquatic plant depicting
the exact origin of a young plant.
(iii) Study the following character of the flower
and record the features :
(a) Pedicellate – Flower with stalk
(pedicel)
Sessile
– Flower without stalk
(pedicel)
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
Vegetative propagation in an aquatic plant
(ix) Observe the lamina of Bryophyllum leaf,
particularly the leaf margins.
(x) Plantlets will be seen arising some notches
in the margin.
(b) Complete
Incomplete
(c) Unisexual
(xi) Draw a diagram of Bryophyllum leaf with
plantlets attached to its margins.
L
YA
O
G
Bisexual
(d) Calyx
Sepals
Vegetative propagation in Bryophyllum leaf
– Flower with all the four
whorls sepals, petals,
stamens and carpels.
– Flower which lacks one
or more floral whorls.
– Flower with only one sex
either stamen or carpel is
present.
– Flower with both
stamens and carpels
present
in
it
(hermaphrodite).
– Calyx is the outermost
green whorl of floral
leaves. Observe their
colour and shape.
– A leaf like division of
calyx.
Polysepalous – All the sepals are free.
Gamosepalous– All the sepals are fused
together.
(e) Corolla
– Corolla is the second,
coloured whorl of the
flower made up of
petals; count the number
Observations:
(i) The surface of potato tuber has several eyes.
(ii) New shoots arise from each eye.
(iii) In aquatic plant, a new plant arises from the
portion of parent plant.
(iv) In Bryophyllum, plantlets develop from the
margins of intact leaves.
12
of petals; observe their
colour and shape.
or more ovules attached
to a flattened cellular
cushion known as
placenta.
Polypetalous – Petals free from each
other.
Gamopetalous – Petals fused with each
other.
(f) Androecium – This is the third
reproductive whorl in a
flower made up of
stamens. Mount one
stamen on the stage of
the
dissecting
microscope and observe
its various parts such as a
stalk (short or long)
called the filament, and a
terminal bilobed anther.
(g) Gynoecium
Parts of a flower
– This is the innermost
whorl
of
female
reproductive organs
made up of pistils.
Mount the pistil on the
stage of the dissecting
microscope and observe
its various parts such as
the basal swollen portion
(ovary), a style and a
flattened tip, stigma.
Inside the ovary are one
L
YA
O
G
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
(iv) Cut a cross section of the anther. Mount the
section in a drop of water taken on a slide.
Observe it under the dissecting microscope.
Locate pollen grains in the slide and the
cavities in anther called pollen sacs.
(v) Cut a cross section of ovary, mount the section
in a drop of water taken on a slide. Observe
it under the dissecting microscope. Count the
number of chambers (locules) and locate
ovules.
(vi) Draw diagram of a flower showing all the
four whorls—sepal, petal, stamen and pistil.
(vii) Observe the permanent slides of transverse
sections of anther and ovary. Identify different
parts using the charts provided. Draw their
diagrams in your notebook.
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
(a) Sepals (calyx); (b) Petals (corolla); (c) Stamens (Androecium);
and (d) Pistil (Gynoecium)
Observations:
Inflorescence: It is solitary axillary.
Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous, long
filament of unequal length.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, bilocular ovary with
many ovules.
Flower: The flower is bell-shaped, occurs in
violet, white, pink and many other shades. It is
pedicellate, complete and bisexual.
B. Quiz
1. A lizard escapes from its enemies by breaking
off its tail. What do you think, a new tail will
grow after sometime or not? Give reason behind
your answer.
Calyx: Sepals 5, green, gamosepalous.
Corolla: Petals 5, gamosepalous, coloured
variable, pink, red, etc.
13
2. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions.
(i) Which type of reproduction is shown in
the diagram?
(ii) Do the hereditary characteristics remain
the same in organism C and E? Why?
3. Human population is increasing everyday, and
the increase is to extent that the population
doubles in about 35 years. Name the factors
responsible for the sharp increase in human
population.
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
4. Look at the picture and answer the following
questions:
(a) Name the process showing in the picture.
(b) Name the parts labelled as A, B, C and
D.
L
YA
O
G
(iv) Product of fusion between two polar
nuclei and one male nucleus.
(v) Fluid that contains secretions of
accessary glands together with the
sperms.
(vi) A large oval shaped cell present in the
nucellus of the ovule in plants.
(vii) Period during which the foetus develops
inside the uterus.
(viii) Reproductive age when menstruation
begins.
C. Puzzles
1. Look across, up and down in the grid to find
the answers of the following:
(i) Stalk of an ovule.
(ii) Stoppage of menstruation in woman.
(iii) Central tissue of the ovule surrounded
by integuments.
2. Unscramble the following and write down the
names of ten such reproductive organs. Sort
them as male and female reproductive organs.
(i) ANGAVI
: ............................
(ii) SERIVOA
: ............................
(iii) SETEST
: ............................
14
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
RAHTURE
SIPEN
SDVAEREFNES
YIMSDIPIDE
CTUDIOV
TUEUSR
EURTRE
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
...........................
(b) Importance of pollen tube
(c) Post fertilisation changes
2. Topic—‘Improved reproductive health of
women in rural area’.
(Hints–Discuss the following points.)
(a) Intrauterine contraceptive devices
(b) Oral contraceptive
(c) Surgical method of family planning in
women.
D. Group Activities
1. Ask the students to prepare a chart showing
the process of reproduction. They can compare
the asexual and sexual reproduction.
F. Debate
1. Disease free plants can be produced by tissue
culture.
2. Embryo is the future plant.
3. Because of pressure from the parents, friends
or society, early age marriages certainly take
place in many areas particularly rural ones.
2. Think of the situations in which the word
‘reproductive health’ is used in our life. Note
down the ways in which the reproductive
health of a woman become poor. Give the
precautions which should be taken to avoid
getting poor reproductive health.
G. Group Discussion
3. From the internet, gather information about
the chromosome numbers of five animals and
five plants. Correlate the number with the size
of organism and answer the following
questions :
(a) Do larger organisms have more number
of chromosomes/cells?
(b) Can organism with fewer chromosomes
reproduce more easily than organisms
with more number of chromosomes?
(c) More the number of chromosomes/cells
greater the DNA content. Justify.
E. Seminar
L
YA
O
G
N
A
SH
A
K
A
PR
1. What happens when the egg is not fertilised?
2. Agents of pollination.
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
H. Survey
1. The groups of students (5-6) can go to different
hospitals where family planning methods are
being taken.
(a) Find out the numbers of people taking
surgical precautions for family planning,
everyday.
(b) How many ladies use intrauterine
contraceptive devices?
(c) What is the rate of failure of
contraception methods?
2. Visit a park and make a list of the various
pollinating agents of different plants.
1. Topic—‘Fertilisation is a step between
pollination and seed formation’.
(Hints–Discuss the following points.)
(a) Structure of pollen grain and ovule
S.No.
Name of plant
Pollinating agent
1.
.................................
.................................
2.
.................................
.................................
3.
.................................
.................................
4.
.................................
.................................
5.
.................................
.................................
6.
.................................
.................................
15