Download Organismal Biology Test 2 Notes Organism-of-the

Organismal Biology Test 2 Notes
Organism-of-the-week:
 Species: Lycopodium digitatum
o Commonly known as running cedar
 Genus: Lycopodium
 Family: Lycopodiaceae
 Order: Lycopodiales
 Class: Lycopodiopsida
 Phylum: Lycophyta
o Commonly known as club “moss”
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Domain: Eukarya
 Characteristics:
o Microphyll= small leaves because of single vein of vascular tissue
o Seedless
o Vascular
o Not truly a moss because it would be in Phylum Bryophyta
Super Phylum: Seedless Vascular Plants
 4 phyla plus 3 extinct groups
 Terrestrial (land) adaptations:
o Vascular tissue
 Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and
nutrients throughout the plant body
 Allows plants to move water from underground to above ground
 Allows plants to get taller
o Dominant sporophyte generation
o True tissues and organs
 3 tissue systems:
 Dermal tissue system
o Outer most part
o protective
 Ground tissue system= plant tissues that are neither vascular nor
dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis,
and support
o Part we eat often
o The middle layer
 Vascular tissue system= a transport system formed by xylem and
phloem throughout a vascular plant
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Xylem= vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead
cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from
the roots to the rest of the plant
Phloem= vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged
into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic
nutrients throughout the plant
Organs:
 Root
 Shoot (above ground parts)
o Stem+leaf
Annuals and Perennials
o Annuals reproduce themselves every year
o Perennials live more than one year
o Both experience primary growth
 Primary growth= Growth produced by apical meristems which lengthens stems
and roots, increasing length of plant (vertically)
o Perennials are the only ones to have secondary growth
 Secondary growth= growth produced by lateral meristems (after the plant is one
year old), thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants (causes plant to get
wider/ lateral growth)
Homosporyheterospory
o Microspores= male
Microspores (little)  tiny gametophytes  tiny gametes
o Megaspores= female
Megaspores (big)  Big gametophytes  big gametes
o Separation of male/female life cycles
 Different strategies will eventually lead to seeds
 First step: heterospory
Phylum Pterophyta
o Commonly known as true ferns
o Largest
o Dominant sporophyte
 Fronds (aka fern leaf)
 Megaphyll= a leaf with a highly branched vascular system
 Pinnately compound (compound: divided into little parts)
o Feather shaped
 Pinna (leaflet of compound)
 Circinate vernation
o Coil leaf formation
o Fiddle head
 Rhizome
 Neither root nor stem
 The roots coming out of rhizomes are adventitious
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Adventitious=formed accidentally or in an unusual anatomical
position.
Terrestrial rosettes
 Liana (vines)
 Epiphytes (growing upon a plant)
 Aquatic
 Floating
 Submerged
 Emergent (out)
 Tree ferns
Most are perennial
 Some woody
Pinna
 Sorus= spots underside leaf; a cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll
 Indusium= gives color on outside (scale)
 Peel away indusium and find spore containers called sporangium
 Sporangium
o Sporocytesmeiosismeiospores
o Annulus (ring)
 Hygroscopic
 Spore dispersal
 Springs open when hot and spores are
dispersed
Gametophyte (n)
 Prothallus= gametophyte stage
 Picture of prothallus:
 Zygote=sporophyte (2n) sporeling
Phylum Monilophyta
o Pterophytes - Ferns
o Psilophytes
 Stems only
 Dicitomous braching
 No leaves or roots
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 Sporangia on stems
o Arthrophytes
Phylum Arthrophyta
o More correct name: Equisetophyta
 Name needs to be changed to a living genus
o Microphylls= small leaf with a single unbranched vein
 Attached all the way around stem
o Hollow stems with microphylls=whorls
o Jointed stems (nodes)
o Internode
o Silicious cell walls
 Used to make scouring pads
o Commonly known as: scouring rushes and horse tails
o Strobilus
 Cluster of sporophylls (cone)
 Sporophylls have 1 or more sporangia
o Meiospores=homosporous
 Elaters= hygropscopic spore dispersal strctures
 Occurs when its dry and strengthens out
Phylum Lycophyta
o Common name: club mosses
o The “club” is a strobilus
o Heterosporous microspores and megaspores
 Microsporesmicrogametophytesmicrogametes
 Megasporesmegagametophytesmegagametes
o Microphylls
o Microsporangium
Organism-of-the-week:
 Species: Ambystoma opacum
o Common name: marbled salamander
 Genus: Ambystoma
 Family: Ambystomatidae
 Order: Caudata – having a tail
 Class: Amphibia
o “double life”= can live on land or in water
 Phylum: Chordata
 Kingdom: Animalia
 Domain: Eukarya
 Characteristics
o Metamorphosis= “double life”
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Larva (-ae) is their young
External gills
Moist glandular skin
 Allows them to live without efficient respiratory system
o Cutaneous respiration
 Because they have moist skin
Seeded Vascular Plants
 Gymnosperms
o 4 phyla
o Naked seeds, no fruit
o Heterospory
o Reduced gametophyte generation
o Embryo within seed
 Results from heterospory
 Dormancy and dispersal
 Adaptation
o “baby in a lunch box”
 3 generations
 Picture:
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Gymnosperm Life Cycle:
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Phylum Coniferophyta
 Common names: pines, evergreens, cedars, cypress, juniper, spruce, fir
 “cone-bearing trees”
 Used for lumber, Christmas trees and paper
 Redwoods
 tallest trees
 General Sherman
 320 feet tall
 57 feet in diameter
 4000 years old
 The biggest tree (around)
 A Giant Sequoia
 Bristle Cone Pine
 Oldest tree
 4600 years old
 Pacific Yew
 Located in Old Growth Forest of the North West
 Used for taxol cure for breast cancer
 Won’t return in regrowth
 Spotted Owls
 Monoecious trees
Phylum Cycadophyta
 Mainly tropical, small shrubs, kind of palm-tree like (compound leaves)
 Dioecious sporophyte – two houses for the separate sexes
 Pollination occurs by insects
Phylum Ginkgophyta
 Ginkgo biloba
 Common name: maidenhair tree
 Only species in phylum
 Extract good for memory
 Dioecious
 Dichotomous= two way branching of leaves
 Deciduous= loses leaves
 Dwarf branches
 Monotypic
 Fleshy seed coat on female trees (smells)
 Pollution resistant
 Under cultivation only
 Leaf extract
Phylum Gnetophyta
 Common name: mormon’s tea
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Drugs are made from extract
Dry adaptive plant in deserts
Protected by poisonous chemicals
 Animals get sick if they eat them
Gnetum
 Seed with bright color, fleshy coat
Welwitschia
 In driest places on earth
 Ever growing leaves
o 2 leaves
 Live with no rain
 Draping leaves over dunes and absorbs moisture from dew
 Doesn’t absorb water from roots
o Water moves backwards from leaves to meristem (center)
 Picture:
Angio & Gymno = seed producing plants
 Angiosperms -- (Anigio: container| Sperm: seed)
o Seed producing plants
o Produces fruit
 Fruit used for seed dispersal
o 90% of all plant species
o Most successful and dominant group
o 1 phylum= Phylum Anthophyta
 Antho=flower
 Should be Phylum Magnoliophyta
 Genus Magnolia
o Plesiomorphic
o Angiosperms have fruit and flowers
 Flowers used for reproduction (pollination)
o Characteristics of Angiosperms:
 Reduction in gametophyte generation
 2 celled pollen
 7 celled megagametophyte
o No archegonium
Double fertilization
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Flower
 Determinate sporophyll- bearing shoot
 Leaf arrangements= alternate, opposite, whorl
 4 whorls (determinate because 4 and no more)
 2 sterile (don’t directly produce spores)
 2 fertile- male and female: involved in reproduction
 Flower picture:
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Petals+ sepals= sterile parts
All petals= corolla
All sepals= calyx
Stem = peduncle
Receptacle = squashed together, swollen part with four nodes
Corolla + calyx= sterile, responsible for attraction
Corolla + calyx= perianth (sterile)
Stamens= modified leaves (sporophylls)
 Pollen produced in stamens
 Stamen have anthers with a tiny hole to get pollen out
 Androecium= male house
o Made up of the anther and the filament
 Male life cycle takes place in anther = microsperangia
Stigma + style + ovary= carpels
The carpel is the gynoecium
 If carpels are fused= pistil
 gynoecium
Fusion – in or between whorls
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 Connation= fusion of like parts / fused petals within a whorl
 Adnation= fusion of unlike parts
Presence/Absence of parts:
 complete= all four whorls are present
 incomplete= missing one or more whorl
 imperfect= fertile whorls absent
o carpellate- carpels present, stamens absent
o staminate- stamens present, carpels absent
o monoecious or dioecious
 perfect= fertile whorls present
o if it is perfect it is monoecious
 Monoecious = Both sexes at same time
Ovary position
 Hypogynous
o Superior (above) ovary
o All other flower parts are below ovary
 Epigynous
o Inferior ovary
o All other flower parts are above the ovary
 Perigynous
o With hypanthium
Symmetry
 Actinomorphic
o Radial symmetry
 Zygomorphic
o Bilateral symmetry
Inflorescences:
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Pollination syndromes
o Example entomophily = Insect loving
 Seed dispersal syndromes
o Example hydrochory= water seed dispersal
 Ex: coconut
Morning glory- connation of corolla
Yellow fringed orchid-raceme
 Pedestal and peduncle zygomorphic
Butterfly weed
 Compound umble
 Pollination by butterflies
Bat pollination syndrome
 Odor= rotten fruit
 Color=white
 Structure= deep nectar
 Nocturnal anthesis (opens up at night)
 Connation of corola
Hummingbird pollination syndrome
 Odor= none
 Color= yellow
 Structure= long, tube like
 Coral plant
 Example: coral bean
Carion Fly pollination syndrome
 Odor= dead rotten meat
 Structure= looks like dead meat, hairy
 Color=deep red
 No benefit for flies (antagonistic relationships)
 Largest flower on earth is a Carion Fly pollination flower
Beetle pollination syndrome
 Color=plain white
 Odor= musky or fruity
 Structure= open, dish shaped
Bee pollination syndrome
 Color=bright spots, “arrows”, etc
o Nectar guide
 Examples: violets, passion flower, blueberry flower, blue-eyed marry
 Bees are hairy and the pollen sticks to their hairs
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Fruit
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Anthers in bee pollination flowers only have one tiny hole and bees
must vibrate at the right frequency to get the nectar/pollen out
 Insects see in UV, UV is invisible to humans
 Pollen= male gametophyte – 2 cells big
Moth pollination syndrome
 Odor= fruity
 Color=white
 Structure= long tube
 Nocturnal anthesis
 Spike
 Ethrodynamic: sticky, like playdo
Butterfly pollination syndrome
 disc like
 flat surface for landing
 example: Thistle
o disc flowers only, no ray flowers
Wind pollination syndrome
 Grass flowers have no calyx, no nectar, no odor, no corolla, no perianth
 Abundant pollen
 Anemophily= wind pollination
 No wind, oder or color
 Lacking: purine
Yuca Flower
 Moths live in them
o feed on nectar
o gather pollen=stamen to stigma
o ethnodynamic= moths can ball up pollen even though its sticky
and carry it to another flower’s stigma
Orchids
 Yellow lady slipper orchid
 “tricky” flowers
o Has an opening that is slippery and attracts insects
o Insects get stuck for awhile and eventually escape through a
“back door”
o Self pollinates= insect comes in one way, passing by the stigma
and dropping off pollen from another flower, and then goes out
another way
 Ensures Cross pollination
 Prevents self pollination
Seed container and dispersal
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Fruit forms from ovary wall
 Pericarp=ovary wall=outside of fruit
Cockleburrs
 Epizoochory- seed dispersal via transportation on outside of animals
Maple
 Samara= fruit in which pericarp bears wings and allows for wind
dispersal
 Anemochory= wind seed dispersal
Coconut
 Widest dispersed fruit in the world
o Because coconuts can float, they float al around the world
 Hydrochory
 Has largest seed of all fruit
 Hard endocarp= pit
 3 layers of pericarp
o Fibrous mesocarp
o Hard endocarp
o Endosperm
 Drupe= type of fruit that has a “pit”
o Peach
Strawberry
 Achene=A small, dry, indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a thin wall
 Accessory fruit= fruit in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or
entirely from tissues other than the ovary
o Receptacle= swollen stem tissue that forms fruit (accessory
tissue)
 Aggregate fruit= many one-seeded achenes produced by a single flower
 No pistal
 Carpels unfused
Pineapple
 Multiple fruit= opposite of aggregate fruit
o More than one flower that fuses to form a fruit
 Inflorescence develops into single fruit
Berries
 Fleshy all the way through
 Grapes, tomatoes, blueberries
 Addapted to survive being eaten
 All or most of the pericarp is soft/fleshy
 Pepo= a berry with a hard thick rind
o Example: watermelon & tomato
 Hesperidium= berry with a leathery rind
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Example: lemons or limes
Peaches
 Use animals for seed dispersal
 Drupe
 Stony endocarp protects seed
 3 layers of pericarp (see coconut)
 Apple
 Pome= ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium
o Fruits with a core
 Seed within ovary (core)= pericarp
 Accessory fruit
 Corn
 Dry fruit
 Caryopsis= dry fruit in which pericarp layers are tightly together around
seed (indehiscent)
 Dry dehiscent fruits:
 Legume- splits on two sides
o peanut
 Capsule- okra
 Follicle- splits on one side
o Milk leaf
 Dry indehiscent (doesn’t split) fruits:
 Samara
 Nut (single seed not attached)
o Acorn
 Achene (single seed attached on one end)
o Sunflower seed
 Sweet Gum and Magnolia fruit
 Developed from single flowerhad unfused carpels
 Aggregate of follicles
 Follicles= dry dehiscent that splits on one side
Within an Anther of an Angiosperm:
 Microspore and microgametophytes
 4 Cells of Pollen grain
 Tube cell and generative cell – essential to pollinate
 Pollen sac picture:
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Within an ovary of an Angiosperm:
 Picture
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Parts of a seed:
 Embryo originates from zygote
 Endosperm originates from fertilized central cell
 Seed coat originates from integuments
 Sperm + egg= zygote
 Sperm +central cell= triploid (3n)
 Seed comes from this
o Seed coat (2n)
o Endosperm (3n)
o Embryo (2n)
Ripening
 Seed/fruit both go through ripening process
Seed dispersal
 Fruit
 ______chory
After ripening
 When dormancy is accomplished
 Scarification
 Cold period
 Fire adaptation
 Time
Embryogenesis
 Picture:
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Types of seeds
 Albuminous
o Endosperm surrounds embryo
 Exalbuminous
o Endosperm absorbed by cotyledons
Germination
 Types
o Epigeous (epigeal) seed germination
 Cotyledons above ground
o Hypogenous (hypogeal) germination
 Cotyledons remain below ground
Primary Growth
 Primary meristems
o Shoot apical meristem
 Including axillary buds
o Root apical meristems
 Initial and derivative cells
 Protoderm, ground tissue meristem, procambium
Plant Growth
 Primary= primary meristems
 3 tissue systems
o Ground Tissue System
 Parenchyma—simple
 Parenchyma cells
o Also in complex tissues
o Most common type of cells in plant tissue
o Alive at maturity
o Capable of mitosis
o Functions:
 Healing and regrowth
 Storage
 Photosynthesis
 Collenchyma tissue—simple
 Collenchyma cells
o Also in complex tissue
o Alive at maturity
o No mitosis
o Elongate, stretchy
o Supportiveespecially in growing parts
 Sclerenchyma tissue—simple
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Sclerenchyma cells
o Also in complex tissue
o 2 types:
 Sclereids
 Short, branched
 Makes up hard plant parts (ex: nut shells)
 Fibers
 Long, narrow
 Example: Cotton
o Dead at maturity
o Secondary cell wall on top of primary cell wall
 Lignified
Dermal Tissue System
 Epidermis tissue—complex
 Epidermal cells – any tissue that covers outer surface
o Thin, flat
o Light passes through
o Not green
o Not capable of photosynthesis
o Cuticle is produced
 for protection
 waterproof
 non-living layer on outer surface of epidermal cells
 contains waxes, oils, etc. for water proofing to prevent
water loss
 Guard cells
o Found in pairs
o Form stoma
 Plural stomata
 Openings/breathing holes
o Control openings to prevent water loss – desiccation adaptation
o Photosynthetic
 Produces oxygen
(cellular respiration uses that oxygen)
 Trichomes
o Plant hairs
o Antiherbivory
 Some with toxins
 When hairs are broken, some will let off toxins that
cause welps, etc so animals will not eat them
o Insulation
 Prevents water loss
Carnivory
Salt adaptation
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Vascular Tissue System
 Xylem—complex tissue (not all cells are same)
 Water transport
 Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells are found
within Xylem
 Conducting cells – how water travels
o Dead and hollow
o Water channels
o Undergoes Autolysis ( becomes hollow by lysosomes)
o 2 types:
 Tracheids
 = pits: places for water passages
 Pit pairs
 Gap in secondary cell wall
 Pit membrane= 2 layers of primary cell wall;
where water passes through
 Vessel members
 = pits
 Perforations= absolute openings
 Holes in primary and secondary cell wall
 Phloem—complex
 Transport of photosynthate
 Flow: leaves  stem roots materials that are stored
(photosynthate)
 Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells are found
in phloem
 Conducting cells
o Alive at maturity, no mitosis
o dependent
o Sieve cells
o Sieve tube members
o Sieve areas= cluster of pores through which photosynthesis is
transferred
 Primary and secondary Xylem and Phloem
Random Facts
 Long leaf pine forests=woodpecker home
o Long leaf pines must have red heart disease so the woodpeckers can make a hole on the
tree to live in easily
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Yellow belly sapsucker makes holes in the phloem to drink the sugars
Dark ring= meristem
Outward= larger rings under small rings
Tissues slack off in bark; not useful for counting age