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PG1401-PJ5975-CO09619-IG-2-Genome-Engineering-Evolution-ReviewONLY-Americas-FHRcrops.pdf
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10/23/14
12:22 PM
CHARLES DARWIN publishes
On The Origin of Species, setting the
foundation of evolutionary biology
ROBERT BROWN discovers
the cell nucleus
GREGOR MENDEL, “father of modern genetics,”
elucidates “laws of genetics” through his
experiments with plant hybridization
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER is the first to isolate
and identify DNA from white blood cells
EDUARD STRASBURGER observes the fusion of nuclei in
fertilization in plants, and also describes stages of mitosis
HUGO DE VRIES introduces
the term “mutation”
HUGO DE VRIES introduces the term "(pan)gene"
to describe postulated hereditary carriers;
20 years later the term is shortened to “gene”
WALTER SUTTON and THEODOR BOVERI propose
the chromosome theory of inheritance, which
states that genes are carried on chromosomes
WILLIAM BATESON coins the
term “genetics”
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN’s work
strongly supports the chromosome
theory of inheritance
FREDERICK GRIFFITH demonstrates
bacterial transformation
BARBARA MCCLINTOCK and HARRIET CREIGHTON
demonstrate the role of recombination during the
inheritance of chromosomes
HANS SPEMANN awarded a Nobel Prize for his
research on embryonic development, and theorizes
about a nuclear-transfer cloning procedure
EDWARD TATUM and GEORGE BEADLE propose
a link between genes and enzymes with the
“one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis
BARBARA MCCLINTOCK discovers
transposable genetic elements
JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK publish
the DNA structure as a double helix
JOSHUA LEDERBERG, EDWARD TATUM, and
GEORGE BEADLE share a Nobel Prize for
demonstrating bacterial conjugation
MATTHEW MESELSON and FRANKLIN STAHL
demonstrate the semi-conservative replication of DNA
MARTIN GELLERT, I.R. LEHMAN, CHARLES RICHARDSON,
and JERARD HURWITZ discover DNA ligases
STUART LINN and WERNER ARBER
discover restriction endonucleases
HAMILTON SMITH and colleagues isolate
the first restriction endonuclease, Hind II
ROBERT HOLLEY, HAR GOBIND KHORANA, and MARSHALL
NIRENBERG share a Nobel Prize “for their interpretation
of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”
HERBERT BOYER and STANLEY COHEN
demonstrate DNA cloning, the propagation
of a recombinant DNA molecule in foreign cells
STANLEY COHEN, ANNIE CHANG, HERBERT
BOYER, and ROBERT HELLING create the
first recombinant DNA organism
WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER separately
develop different methods for DNA sequencing
KARY MULLIS conceives of the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) for rapid amplification of DNA
MARIO R. CAPECCHI, MARTIN EVANS, and OLIVER
SMITHIES are the first to create a knockout mouse
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT consortium begins
with the goal of determining the entire sequence of
DNA composing human chromosomes
VICTOR AMBROS, ROSALIND LEE, and
RHONDA FEINBAUM discover microRNA
MICHAEL SMITH receives a Nobel Prize for his
work developing site-directed mutagenesis
SRINIVASAN CHANDRASEGARAN and colleagues demonstrate
the use of engineered ZFP fused to the nonspecific cleavage
domain of the FokI type II restriction enzyme
YEN CHOO and colleagues demonstrate the first
application of zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), an engineered
nuclease constructed to block gene expression
J.K. MOORE and J.E. HABER coin the
term “non-homologous end joining”
CRAIG C. MELLO and ANDREW FIRE discover a
gene silencing effect of double-stranded RNA
DAVID BAULCOMBE and ANDREW HAMILTON identify short
RNA molecules (siRNAs) as effectors of gene silencing
The first draft of the human
genome is published
JENS BOCH, SEBASTIAN SCHORNACK, THOMAS
LAHAYE, ULLA BONAS; MATTHEW MOSCOU and
ADAM BOGDANOVE both teams independently discover
the basis for TAL effector mediated genome editing
LAURENT TESSON and colleagues report the first successful
creation of a gene knockout rat using customized TAL effectors
The CRISPR-Cas9 “craze” begins
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