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22–2 Bryophytes • Mosses and their relatives are called ________________, or __________________ plants. • They do not have ___________________ tissues, or specialized tissues that conduct _________________ and nutrients. • Bryophytes draw up water by _________________ only a few centimeters above the ground. • Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on water for ______________________. • During one stage of their life cycle, bryophytes produce _______________ that swim through water to reach __________ of other individuals. o Therefore, ___________________ must live where there is rainfall or dew for part of the year. A. Groups of Bryophytes 1. Bryophytes are _________-growing plants found in moist, shaded areas. 2. The three groups of _____________________ are: i. _________________ ii. _________________ iii. _________________ B. Mosses 1. The most common bryophytes are _____________________. 2. Mosses: i. are adapted to life in __________ habitats and _______________-poor soils. ii. can tolerate _________ temperatures. iii. are clumps of ______________________ growing together. 3. The ___________________ of a Moss i. Each moss plant has a ______________ that looks like a stem with leaves. These are not true stems or leaves, because they do not contain _______________ tissue. PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com ii. When mosses ____________________, they produce thin stalks, each containing a ___________________. a. This is the __________________ stage. iii. The “______________” of mosses are one cell thick, so they lose ________________ quickly if the surrounding air is dry. iv. Mosses have ________________, which are long cells that ________________ them in the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil. a. Water moves through ________________ and into the rest of the plant. C. Liverworts 1. ____________________’ gametophytes form broad, thin structures that draw up moisture from the soil surface. 2. Mature ____________________ produce structures that look like tiny green _______________________. i. These carry the structures that produce ________________ and sperm. 3. Some liverworts can reproduce __________________ by means of gemmae. i. ___________________ are small multicellular reproductive structures. a. In some species, gemmae form in _______________ cups. b. When washed out of the cup, the gemmae can divide by ____________________ to produce a new individual. D. Hornworts 1. ___________________ are found only in soil that is damp nearly year-round. 2. Their gametophytes look like those of ______________________. 3. The hornwort ______________________ looks like a tiny green horn. E. Life Cycle of ____________________ 1. Bryophytes reproduce and develop by ___________________ of generations. 2. The _______________________ is the dominant stage of the life cycle and is the stage that carries out most of the plant's ______________________. PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com F. Life Cycle of a _____________ 1. The life cycle of a moss illustrates how bryophytes __________________ and develop. i. When a ______________ lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into a mass of tangled green filaments called a __________________. ii. As the protonema grows, __________________ grow into the ground and shoots grow into the air. iii. These shoots grow into green moss _______________, which are the gametophyte stage of its life cycle. iv. Gametes form in structures at the tips of the gametophytes. a. Sperm are produced in ____________________, the male reproductive structure. b. Eggs are produced in _____________________, the female reproductive structure. 2. Some ___________________ produce both sperm and eggs on the same plant. i. Fertilization produces a __________________ zygote. ii. The zygote grows directly from the gametophyte and depends on it for water and nutrients. iii. The mature ____________________ is a long stalk ending in a capsule. Inside the capsule, haploid spores are produced by meiosis. iv. When the ___________________ripens, it opens and spores are scattered. G. Human Use of Mosses 1. ___________________ mosses thrive in the acidic water of bogs. 2. Dried sphagnum acts as a natural sponge. It can accumulate to form peat deposits. 3. _________________ can be cut from the ground and used as fuel. 4. Peat can be used to improve the soil’s ability to retain _______________ and to increase soil ___________________. PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com