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22–2
Bryophytes
•
Mosses and their relatives are called ________________, or
__________________ plants.
•
They do not have ___________________ tissues, or specialized tissues that
conduct _________________ and nutrients.
•
Bryophytes draw up water by _________________ only a few centimeters above
the ground.
•
Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on water for ______________________.
•
During one stage of their life cycle, bryophytes produce _______________ that
swim through water to reach __________ of other individuals.
o Therefore, ___________________ must live where there is rainfall or dew
for part of the year.
A. Groups of Bryophytes
1. Bryophytes are _________-growing plants found in moist, shaded areas.
2. The three groups of _____________________ are:
i. _________________
ii. _________________
iii. _________________
B. Mosses
1. The most common bryophytes are _____________________.
2. Mosses:
i.
are adapted to life in __________ habitats and
_______________-poor soils.
ii. can tolerate _________ temperatures.
iii. are clumps of ______________________ growing
together.
3. The ___________________ of a Moss
i.
Each moss plant has a ______________ that looks like
a stem with leaves. These are not true stems or leaves,
because they do not contain _______________ tissue.
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ii. When mosses ____________________, they produce thin stalks,
each containing a ___________________.
a. This is the __________________ stage.
iii. The “______________” of mosses are one cell thick, so they lose
________________ quickly if the surrounding air is dry.
iv. Mosses have ________________, which are long cells that
________________ them in the ground and absorb water and
minerals from the soil.
a. Water moves through ________________ and into the rest of
the plant.
C. Liverworts
1. ____________________’ gametophytes form broad, thin structures that draw
up moisture from the soil surface.
2. Mature ____________________ produce structures that look like tiny green
_______________________.
i.
These carry the structures that produce ________________ and
sperm.
3. Some liverworts can reproduce __________________ by means of gemmae.
i.
___________________ are small multicellular reproductive
structures.
a. In some species, gemmae form in _______________ cups.
b. When washed out of the cup, the gemmae can divide by
____________________ to produce a new individual.
D. Hornworts
1. ___________________ are found only in soil that is damp nearly year-round.
2. Their gametophytes look like those of ______________________.
3. The hornwort ______________________ looks like a tiny green horn.
E. Life Cycle of ____________________
1. Bryophytes reproduce and develop by ___________________ of generations.
2. The _______________________ is the dominant stage of the life cycle and
is the stage that carries out most of the plant's ______________________.
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F. Life Cycle of a _____________
1. The life cycle of a moss illustrates how bryophytes __________________ and
develop.
i.
When a ______________ lands in a moist place, it germinates and
grows into a mass of tangled green filaments called a
__________________.
ii. As the protonema grows, __________________ grow into the
ground and shoots grow into the air.
iii. These shoots grow into green moss _______________, which are the
gametophyte stage of its life cycle.
iv. Gametes form in structures at the tips of the gametophytes.
a. Sperm are produced in ____________________, the male
reproductive structure.
b. Eggs are produced in _____________________, the female
reproductive structure.
2. Some ___________________ produce both sperm and eggs on the same
plant.
i.
Fertilization produces a __________________ zygote.
ii. The zygote grows directly from the gametophyte and depends on it
for water and nutrients.
iii. The mature ____________________ is a long stalk ending in a
capsule. Inside the capsule, haploid spores are produced by meiosis.
iv. When the ___________________ripens, it opens and spores are
scattered.
G. Human Use of Mosses
1. ___________________ mosses thrive in the acidic water of bogs.
2. Dried sphagnum acts as a natural sponge. It can accumulate to form peat
deposits.
3. _________________ can be cut from the ground and used as fuel.
4. Peat can be used to improve the soil’s ability to retain _______________ and
to increase soil ___________________.
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