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Unit: Cells Sections: Function of Life, Structure of Life, and Protists Key Words: cell, cytoplasm, organelle, cell nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast, organism, photosynthesis, DNA, mitochondria, ribosome, prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, tissue, organ, organ system, population, community, ecosystem, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction Essential Questions: (by section) Function of Life - What are the life processes performed by cells? What are the functions of the organelles in plant and animal cells? How do the functions of individual cells compare with those of organisms? Structure of Life - What are cells and why are they important? What structures do most cells have in common? How do animal cells and plant cells differ? How do cells in unicellular and multicellular organisms differ? - What is a protist? How do scientists classify protists? Where on Earth can protists be found? How do protists affect the lives of other organisms? Protists Function of Life Parts of a cell and function - Cytoplasm – gel material, allows for nutrient transport and cushions organelles Cell membrane – protective outer covering of cell, double layer, allows molecules to pass in and out Cell nucleus – “brain” of the cell, where genetic material (DNA) is found Ribosome – Protein generators of the cell Mitochondria – “powerhouse” of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs Vacuole/Vesicle – storage organelle, in plants is the largest (stores water – turgor pressure - and other nutrients) Golgi bodies – External “UPS” system, packages materials for transport out of the cell Lysosomes – “Lysol” of the cell, helps break down older worn out parts Cell wall – in plant cells only, rigid structure, helps with plant form Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Internal “UPS” system, packages materials for transport within the cell Chloroplasts – “solar collectors” that contain chlorophyll (green pigment) to help with photosynthesis Chart – www.docstoc.com Synthesis of chemicals necessary for life Respiration Excretion of wastes Nutrition Movement Regulation and response to stimuli Growth Cell Processes Reproduction Structure of life Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. 4. All living things are made up of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division (fission, mitosis)- no such thing as spontaneous generation. Cells contain hereditary info passed on to other cells by division. All energy flow (metabolism) of life occurs within cells. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic •no membrane around DNA (no nucleus) •single-celled organisms •most have cell wall •go through fission (reproduction) - identical copy •ex. Bacteria cells •membrane around DNA •have distinct membranes around organelles •has a nucleus •more complex organisms •multi-celled organisms •goes through mitosis (reproduction) - identical copy of DNA PROTISTS • Eukaryotic • PLANTLIKE: Phytoplankton Algae Euglenoids Diatoms Dinoflagellates ANIMAL-LIKE (protozoans) amoebas zooflagellates ciliates • Eukaryotic unicellular organisms • autotrophic (plantlike/producers) or heterotrophic (animallike/consumers) fungus-like (decomposers)be plant-like or animal-like, or a decomposer • May take in other protists/bacteria as food source • can infect host (parasitic) causes illness/death What is a protist? How do we classify protists? How do they affect living things? Where can they be found? • found mostly in water/moist areas; can be fresh or saltwater • adaptations allow for movement: float with currents, flagella whiplike tail, psuedopods cytoplasmic foot extentions cilia - hairlike extensions surrounding the cell Unit: Reproduction and Growth Sections: Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, Mendel and Heredity, Factors that Influence Human Growth and Development Key Words: reproduction, asexual, offspring, meiosis, mitosis, regeneration, budding, fission, cell division, spores, DNA, bacteria, clone, gene, sperm, egg, pollination, stigma, anther, ovum, chromosome, heredity, trait, dominant, recessive Essential Questions: (by section) Asexual Reproduction How do organisms reproduce asexually? How is asexual reproduction different from sexual reproduction? How similar are organisms that are produced through asexual reproduction? Sexual Reproduction - How are gametes involved in sexual reproduction? How do plants reproduce sexually? How does sexual reproduction lead to species diversity? Mendel and Heredity - What is heredity and who first proposed it? How do organisms inherit traits from their parents? How do scientists predict which genes as organism will inherit? Why are some physical traits more common than others? How do human select for certain traits in some organisms? Asexual Sexual no joining of gametes(sex cells) combining of gametes (sex cells) involves 1 parent 2 parents involved makes an identical copy of itself (clone) allows for variations/diversity of traits Asexual •Fission - hereditary material duplicates and moves to opposite ends of cells, cell splits (bacteria) •Budding - growth attached to parent (yeast, mold, sponges) •Sporulation - formation of spores (fungi, algae) •Regeneration - replace damaged tissues (starfish, planaria) •Benefits - highly efficient; large # of offspring in short period of time •Pitfalls - eliminates/limits genetic variation; reduces chances for a population to adapt to environmnetal stress Sexual •Fertilization - joining of 2 haploid cells (sex cells - gametes) •Pollination in plants •Gametes have 1/2 the amount of hereditary material - combines to form a new organism •Meiosis - production of gametes - only occurs in specialized sex organs •Makes up "genes" - parts of DNA strand that code for a specific protein •phenotypes - physical traits (color, size, types of appendages, etc) •genotypes - genetic make-up coding traits(homozygous, heterozygous) Mendel & Heredity Heredity – the passing of traits from parent to offspring - genes are made up of DNA - located on chromosomes Alleles – different forms of genes - meiosis separates chromosome pairs - gives each sex cell 1 allele for each trait Genetics – the study of how traits are inherited through the actions of alleles - Gregor Mendel – father of genetics Austrian monk (1822) Experimented with garden peas Thought is was possible to predict outcome of flowers “Experiments with Plant Hybrids” Worked with large numbers to create more accurate predictions (30,000 pea plants over 8 years) - Purebreds – an organism that always produces the same traits generation to generation - Cross-pollination – taking pollen off male and placing it on female reproductive organ of different plant • Dominant traits A factor that dominates or covers up the other traits The trait expressed/shown • Recessive traits The trait that disappears (doesn’t show) Can show if recessive traits combine from both parents - Punnett square Dominant and recessive alleles are represented by letters Capital letters represent dominant traits Lowercase letters represent recessive traits Phenotype Genotype physical expression of a specific genotype genetic make-up that codes a specific gene color, shape, physical attribute expressed Dominant & Recessive Traits Homozygous - 2 alleles exactly the same - ex. BB or bb Heterozygous - 1 dominant & 1 recessive allele - ex. Bb Incomplete dominance - the production of a phenotype that is intermediate to those of the two homozygous parents - ex. Crossing red homozygous flowers with white homozygous flowers and the offspring expressing - ex. pink flowers - one allele is not able to be dominant over the other Multiple alleles - a trait controlled by more than two alleles - ex. Blood type in humans A, B, O A & B are both dominant O is recessive Possible phenotypes: o A – could have AA or AO o B – could have BB or BO o AB – only AB o O – only OO Polygenic inheritance - when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a single trait eye color fingerprints height weight body build shapes of features skin color - not limited to humans, plants have traits controlled by polygenic inheritance - genes may influence a small amount but creates the variety that is expressed many different skin tones in ethnic grouping many different shades of blue eyes many different shades of brown hair