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IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DATES AND EVENTS QUIZZES 1 & 2 1066 Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings occurred on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and the English army under King Harold II. It was a decisive Norman Victory, with King Harold killed in the battle and the victor, William becoming the first Norman ruler as King William I (William the Conqueror). 1215 Sealing of the Magna Carta The Great Charter of the Liberties of England (Magna Carta) was sealed by King John at Runnymede in 1215 and became part of the historical process that lead to the rule of constitutional law throughout the English speaking world. 1605 Gunpowder Plot A plot to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I of England and V of Scotland on 5th November 1605 was discovered. The failed plot is commemorated annually as Guy Fawkes (Bonfire) Night. Charles Stuart (Charles I) was beheaded on 30th January 1649, the only reigning King of England to have been executed. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. By the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England and Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. 1649 The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. In 1660, the monarchy was restored to Charles's son, Charles II. Execution of Charles I The great fire started at a bakery in Pudding Lane on 2nd September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London. Over the course of the 3 days during which the fire burned, it consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants. 1666 Great Fire of London 1687 Theory of Universal Gravitation and the three laws of motion In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his Principia, demonstrating his theories of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion 1796 Smallpox vaccine discoved Edward Jenner developed and publicised the process of vaccination against smallpox, which would ultimately lead to the eradication of the disease. WORLD KNOWLEDGE QUIZZES 1 & 2 CURRENT POLITICAL LEADERS OF SOME OF THE WORLD’S NATIONS USA Barak Obama President China Xi Jinping President Russia Vladimir Putin President India Manmohan Singh Prime Minister France François Hollande President United Kingdom David Cameron Prime Minister Germany Angela Merkel Chancellor Japan Shinzō Abe Prime Minister POLITICAL SYSTEMS Democracy Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally either directly or through elected representatives (politicians) in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. All citizens once they are adults (in this country it is at the age of 18 years old) to vote in each election for the person/political party they would like to represent them and run the country. Examples of democracies are United Kingdom, America and India. Communism Communism is a radical revolutionary socialist movement which aims to create a classless social order as well as a social, political and economic ideology that aims to establish absolute equality for all. Examples of communist states are China, North Korea and Cuba. Fascism Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Fascists sought to unify their nation through a totalitarian state. Hostile to democracy, socialism and communism, fascist movements shared certain common features including a devotion to a strong leader. Fascism views political violence and war as a means to achieve a stronger nation and asserts that stronger nations have the right to take over weaker nations. Examples of Fascist countries were Germany during Hitler’s rule and Italy under Benito Mussolini. Some countries today have elements of Fascist rule, such as Syria. Dictatorship A dictatorship is defined as a form of government in which a country is ruled by one person (a Dictator), or a small group of people. In this form of government the power rests entirely on the person or group of people, and can be obtained by force. Dictator(s) are not voted for by their people and many countries run by dictators take away much of its peoples' freedom. Exampled of countries with dictators are Iran, Zimbabwe and Saudi Arabia. SCIENCE QUIZZES 1 & 2 The Universe The Sun The Sun is an immense sphere of plasma; intensely hot, electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. With a diameter of 1,391,000 kilometres, it dwarfs other members of our solar system. More than one million earths could fit into it. As it formed from the gas and grit of the solar nebulae, the sun sucked in virtually all matter for billions of miles, ending up with more than 98.8% of the solar system’s mass. Nuclear fusion in its core powers the sun. The enormous heat and pressure generated within the sun’s centre, fusing hydrogen into helium and releasing electromagnetic energy, can take hundreds of thousands of years to move from the core, where the temperature reaches 15 million degrees celcius, to the sun’s visible surface which is 5600 degrees Celcius. Magnetic fields twisting in its body pull streamers of gas far into space (solar flares). The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the sun into space. These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event. The Sun dominates the solar system not only through its gravitational influence, which extends up to 200,000 astronomical units away, but also through its solar wind of charged particles, which reach beyond 100 astronomical units (far past Pluto). An astronomical unit (AU) is 149,597, 871 kilometres, or roughly the same distance between Earth and the Sun. The Planets The planets where shaped by the nearby sun and ended up rocky, small and dense, with at least one, Earth, orbiting at just the right distance to hold on to watery oceans and host the chemical of life. The planets can be divided up into two groups of four. Closest to the sun are the four inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The inner planets are compact and rocky with just three moons between them. They are called terrestrial planets because they are more or less earth-like. All of them have secondary atmospheres (produced after their formation) and at least three of them planets may once have had oceans; Venus, whose seas may have been boiled off by the greenhouse effect; Mars, whose once liquid oceans might now be frozen under its surface and Earth, the Blue Planet, orbiting at just the right distance from the sun to maintain liquid water on its surface. Far from the sun, beyond the asteroid belt, orbit the four gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These four outer planets are huge and vaporous, possessing rings and more than 160 natural satellites between them. Mercury Mercury is just 4878 kms in diameter, making it the smallest of the planets. Due to Mercury’s off-centre orbit of the sun, bringing it as close as 46 million kms to the sun at its closest point and as far as 69.82 million kms from the sun at its furthest point, the planet see great extremes in temperature, going from highs of 427 degrees celcius to lows of -173 degrees celcius. Mercury has no natural satellites. Venus In size, Venus is a near match to Earth, at 12,103 kms in diameter, only 653 kms smaller than earth. Its mass is only slightly less than that of Earth and its density and surface gravity are also close to our own planet. However, Venus is, in fact, a smoggy furnace beneath a crushing acidic atmosphere with an average surface temperature of 462 degrees Celcius, making it the hottest planet in the solar system. It has no natural satellites. Venus is the brightest object in the sky from Earth other than the sun and moon and is often referred to as the Morning or Evening star. Earth Earth is the largest of the four terrestrial planets, at 12,756 kms in diameter. Earth is not completely spherical but slightly wider at the centre because of its rotation. Earth is denser than other rocky planets and has a higher surface gravity. It is the only planet with liquid water on its surface. Its surface is varied and dynamic, consisting of crustal plates slowly shifting under a stable, shallow, moist atmosphere. Protecting Earth from radiation is the magnetosphere, a magnetic field thousands of miles long. Earth’s only moon circles the planet at a distance of 384,400 kms away. Mars Known as the red planet, Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the outermost of the rocky planets, orbiting at an average distance of 227.9 million kms from the sun. It is roughly half the size of Earth and is now a dry, barren planet with a surface marked by large canyon systems and huge extinct volcanos, its most famous being Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system. Vast dust storms whip around the planet and clouds and falling snow have been seen by spacecraft sent to explore its surface. Like Earth, Mars has seasons and ice caps and evidence suggests that liquid water flowed across the Martian surface billions of years ago. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, both very small moons with the largest, Phobos, being only 27 kms long and 22 kms wide. Jupiter Within the solar system, Jupiter is second only to the Sun is size and mass. The gas giant, at 142,984 kms in diameter, and could hold 1300 Earths. It is almost two and a half times the combined mass of the other 7 planets put together. Jupiter takes almost 12 years to circle the Sun but rotates once every 9.9 hours, so fast that it is more egg shaped than sphere. Composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, like the sun, it has no real surface but a deep and windy atmosphere over a liquid hydrogen ocean. Jupiter is not just a planet, but a planet-moon system with 63 natural satellites, one of which, Ganymede, is the largest moon in the solar system. Jupiter’s atmosphere is affected by colossal, oval shaped storms whipped up by the planets internal heat and very fast rotation. The largest of these storms is the Great Red Spot which is about twice the size of Earth and has been raging for more than 350 years. Saturn Saturn, seen as one of the most beautiful planets with its rings, made from billions of ice particles sculpted into multiple bands by the gravity of some of Saturn’s moons. It has 61 natural satellites, the largest of which is Titan, the only satellite in the solar system to possess a thick atmosphere and, apparently, liquid lakes (of methane and ethane) on its surface, possible havens for life. Saturn is 1.4 billion kms from the sun and is the second largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter. It consists almost entirely of the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium and as a result is the least dense planet in the solar system. Uranus One of the two ice giants, Uranus is the third largest planet in the Solar System and lies twice as far from the sun as Saturn (2.9 billion kms). Neptune is pale blue in colour, which comes from the methane in its atmosphere. It is featureless with a sparse ring system and 27 moons. As a result of what is thought to have been a collision with a planet-sized body not long after it formed, Uranus’s spin axis is tipped over by 98%, giving it the appearance of moving along on its orbital path on its side, with its moon encircling it from top to bottom. Its spin is retrograde – meaning it rotates in the opposite direction to that of most other planets. Neptune The second of the two ice giants, Neptune is the coldest planet in the Solar System. Neptune is 4.5 billion kms from the Sun and takes 163.7 Earth years to orbit the Sun, so has only completed one circuit since its discovery in 1846. Neptune has a core of rock and metal, surrounded by a liquid layer of water, ammonia and methane. Above this is a hydrogen dominated atmosphere affect by huge wind speeds of up to 2000 kms per hour – the highest wind speed found on any planet. It has 13 moons, the largest of which is Triton. BIGGEST, SMALLEST, FASTEST, LONGEST ..... QUIZZES 1 & 2 Tallest man made structure Tallest mountain The tallest man made structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which is 829.8 metres tall, has 163 floors and 67 elevators. The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, whose summit is 8,848 metres above sea level. Mount Everest is part of the Himalayas in Asia. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east. Largest ocean At 165.25 million square kilometres in area, the ocean covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. Largest country The biggest country in the world in area is Russia, which is more than 17 million kilometres squared in size. Largest volcano Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. It is a gas giant with mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It has a diameter of 142,984 kilometres. The largest volcano on earth was recently discovered off the coast of Japan submerged under the Pacific Ocean. Discovered in September 2013, Tamu Massif is estimated to be larger than the whole of the British Isles although not the tallest volcano in the world. Tallest volcano Until recently, the largest but now just the tallest volcano on Earth is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, which measures 30,000 metres from the base to the top, although much of the volcano is submerged beneath the sea. Fastest man Usain Bolt from Jamaica is the fastest man on earth with his 100 metre record currently standing at 9.58 seconds Largest planet in our solar system Fastest land animal Most spoken language The cheetah is the fastest animal on land and can run as fast as 95 to 105kms per hour. The language spoken by more people than any other in the world is Chinese (Mandarin). More than 1 billion people speak Mandarin, compared to the second most spoken language, which is English, at 500 million people. FLAGS, COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CONTINENTS, POPULATION and CURRENCY QUIZZES 1 & 2 Afghanistan Argentina Austria CAPITAL: Kabul CAPITAL: Buenos Aires CAPITAL: Vienna Continent: ASIA Population: 29.1 million Currency: Afghani Continent: SOUTH AMERICA Population: 40.7 million Currency: Argentine Peso Continent: EUROPE Population: 8.5 million Currency: Euro Belgium Brazil Bulgaria CAPITAL: Brussels CAPITAL: Brasilia CAPITAL: Sofia Continent: EUROPE Population: 10.7 million Currency: Euro Continent: SOUTH AMERICA Population: 195 million Currency: Real Continent: EUROPE Population: 7.5 million Currency: Lev Canada CAPITAL: Ottawa Continent: NORTH AMERICA Population: 33.9 million Currency: Canadian Dollar Chile CAPITAL: Santiago Continent: SOUTH AMERICA Population: 17.1 million Currency: Chilean Peso China CAPITAL: Beijing Continent: ASIA Population: 1.35 billion Currency: Renminbi (also known as Yuan) Colombia Cuba Czech Republic CAPITAL: Bogota CAPITAL: Havana CAPITAL: Prague Continent: SOUTH AMERICA Population: 46.3 million Currency: Columbian Peso Continent: NORTH AMERICA Population: 11.2 million Currency: Cuban Peso Continent: EUROPE Population: 10.4 million Currency: Czech koruna Denmark Egypt Finland CAPITAL: Copenhagen CAPITAL: Cairo CAPITAL: Helsinki Continent: EUROPE Population: 5.5 million Currency: Danish Krone Continent: AFRICA Population: 84.5 million Currency: Egyptian Pound Continent: EUROPE Population: 5.3 million Currency: Euro