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Name: ____________________________ Biochemistry Review 1. True / False: Joseph Priestly was credited with the discovery of oxygen. 2. Priestly placed a candle in a jar with a plant. The candle went out almost immediately. However, it relit after 10 days. Why? 3. Use the chemical symbols for oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blanks below: a. Plants use _____ and make _____. b. Mice use _____ and make _____. c. Candles use _____ and make _____. ATOMS & MOLECULES: 4. a. Atomic number is the number of _____________________. b. Atomic mass is the _______________ + ___________________. Word Bank (Use some more than once…) c. ___________________ have a positive charge. Covalent d. ___________________ have a negative charge. Electrons e. ___________________ have a neutral charge. Ionic f. _________________________ bonds occur when atoms Ions SHARE _____________________. Neutrons g. _________________________ bonds occur when atoms Molecules Protons gain/lose _____________________. h. ________________ are charged atoms that have gained or lost ________________________. i. ____________________ are more than one atom joined together. 5. ___, ___, ___, & ___ make up 96% of living matter. 6. Draw the number of bonds that each element from #5 needs in order to be stable: WATER: (Word Bank: electronegative, hydrogen (2x), negative, polar, positive, unequally, weak) 7. The electrons shared by oxygen and the two hydrogens in a molecule of water are part of a __________________ covalent bond. This means the electrons are shared _______________________. Oxygen is much more ____________________ than hydrogen, so it pulls the electrons with greater force (instead of sharing the electrons evenly). Because of this, oxygen has a slight _______________ charge, and the hydrogens have a slight _______________ charge. 8. Because water is a polar molecule, the oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the hydrogens of a different molecule. This attraction creates a _____________ bond called a ___________________ bond. pH 9. pH is a scale that indicates how a________________ or b_________________ a solution is. The scale runs from 0 to ____. Acids are lower / higher (circle one) on the scale. _________________ is neutral and has a pH of ____. Biological (Organic) Molecules 10. One ring: ___, ___, ___ 11. Two rings: ___, ___ 12. Three or more rings: ___, ___, ___ 13. Long chains of H and C: ___, ___, ___ 14. R group: ___ 15. C double bonded to O: ___, ___, ___, ___ 16. N present: ___, ___, ___, ___ 17. Sugar: ___, ___, ___ 18. Cellulose: ___, ___ 19. Primary part of cell membranes: ___ 20. Head of phospholipid: ___, ___ 21. Tail(s) of phospholipid: ___, ___ 22. Solid fat at room temp.: ___ 23. Liquid fat at room temp.: ___ 24. Only single bonds in H-C chain: ___ 25. Some double bonds in H-C chain: ___ 26. Humans use 20 of these: ___ 27. Formation of larger molecule: ___ 28. Breaking down of larger molecule: ___ 29. Found in DNA or RNA: ___ Choices (Use more than once): a. Amino Acid b. Carbohydrate c. Dehydration Synthesis d. Disaccharide e. Glucose f. Hydrolysis g. Hydrophilic h. Hydrophobic i. Lipid j. Monosaccharide k. Nonpolar l. Nucleic Acid m. Peptide n. Phospholipid o. Polar p. Polysaccharide q. Protein r. Saturated Fatty Acid s. Starch t. Unsaturated Fatty Acid 30. Draw the approximate shape of a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide: 31. Draw a single amino acid. Label the amine group, the carboxyl acid group, and the R group: 32. Draw a dipeptide (a mini-protein made of two joined amino acids): 33. Draw a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid: 34. Draw a phospholipid and label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. IN THE LAB (Word bank: lipids, nucleic acids, proteins (2x), starches, sugars) 35. Benedict’s tests for ___________________. Biuret’s tests for _____________________. Iodine tests for _________________________. __________________________ are not soluble in water. ____________________ and ___________________ both have nitrogen. ENZYMES 36. C_________________________ speed reactions without being changed themselves. Enzymes are a type of o________________ catalyst made of p________________. Enzymes work by fitting like a bendy puzzle piece to the substrate and then making or breaking bonds. 37. Explain what the graph to the right is showing: 38. In the Liver Lab, we looked at several factors that affect enzyme reaction rates. Fill in the lines for the following graphs: Temperature Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate Reaction Rate Effect of pH on Enzyme Reaction Rate Reaction Rate Reaction Rate Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Reaction Rate pH Enzyme Concentration Pulling it all together: Body temperatures above 108 degrees F can cause proteins to d_______________________ (melt). E___________________ are proteins, so high temps cause enzymes to change shape. Since enzymes work by fitting like puzzle pieces to their substrates, a changed shape means the enzyme can no longer function. Likewise, a mutation in DNA can change the shape (and therefore the functioning) of a protein. A mutation is a change in the n___________________ a______________. This leads to a change in the order of a_______________ a_____________ of the protein, which, in turn, changes the shape (and functioning) of the protein.