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Gregor Mendel ‘Fakebook’ Page Profile: Name: Gregor Mendel nd Date of Birth: July 22 , 1822 th Date of Death: January 6 , 1884 Profession(s): Scientist, Augustinian Friar Interesting Facts: - Gregor Mendel was a monk in a monastery - Studied pea plants and their genetics - Had a love for plants since he was little Friends: - Charles Darwin - Louis Pasteur - August Weismann WHY PEAS? Gregor Mendel chose peas to study simply because he thought they were interesting. Another reason he chose to study peas was because they were easier to distinguish as they had more traits. Gregor Mendel’s studied peas for 8 years, using mathematical equations and scientific theories in heredity. He chose to study purebred peas, because he wanted to see how the traits and ‘factors’ or what is now referred to as genes, are passed on from generation to generation. He thought of them as very interesting plants and studied them as his job. TRAITS HE STUDIED Gregor studied numerous traits in peas. For example, he studied if the peas were smooth or wrinkled, if they were green or yellow, if the pods were green or yellow, if the flowers were purple or white, and if the flowers were axial or terminal flowers. Axial meaning the flower growing from the side or an angle, and terminal is referring to the flower growing from the top of the stem. Gregor Mendel studied the way these traits were passed on, from one generation to another and how some traits disappeared in certain generations. PEA PLANT FERTILIZATION Gregor Mendel’s experiments with pea plants included something called fertilization. Fertilization is when the female eggs of the flower are combined with the male sperm of the flower to form a new organism. For a flower, the pistil is represented as the female eggs and the stamen is represented as the male sperm. The petals of the flower guard both sex cells. Before fertilization can occur, pollen has to reach the pistil of the flowers. This process is called pollination. Usually, most pea plants self-pollinate. This happens because the pollen usually develops in the pistil of the flower. This is a process called self-pollination. Mendel decided to experiment something called cross-pollination. Cross-pollination is when you fertilize pea plants with two different traits. This is what Gregor Mendel was studying, how different traits reappear and disappear when fertilized. PARENT GENERATION PEA PLANTS Gregor Mendel had studied something called Parent Generation pea plants. He called these peas Parent Generation because they were the first out of many attempts that was a successful purebred pea plant. Purebred referring to how all the traits are the same. Parent Generation pea plants usually pass of their genes and traits to their offspring, or their next generation. He fertilized and cross-pollinated the parent generations with two different traits. For example, one parent generation plant had purple flowers, and another parent generation plant had white flowers. He cross-pollinated them and got the result of the 𝐹! generation of pea plants. 𝐅𝟏 GENERATION PEA PLANTS st F! Generation pea plants are the 1 generation offspring of the parent generation. These plants are the result of the cross-pollinated P Generation plants. In this generation, the trait of one of the parent generation had completely disappeared and only one of the traits appear. For example, if in the parent generation, one cross-pollinates purple and white flowers, in the F! generation the white flower trait would completely disappear and only the purple flower trait would show. This was a pattern Mendel had recognized. 𝑭𝟐 GENERATION PEA PLANTS The 𝐹! generation of pea plants is the second generation of the 𝐹! generation. In this generation the white flower reappears but only in the ratio of 3:1. For example there are 4 flowers in all and out of them, 3 of them would be purple and one of them would be white. The white flower reappears because of something called dominant and recessive traits. Dominant traits are traits that are in a way stronger and can dominate the other recessive trait. Dominant traits appear when there are two dominant traits or one dominant and one recessive trait in the genes. Recessive traits can only appear when there are two recessive traits in the gene. Genes are made up of things called alleles. You get one allele from your mom and one allele from your dad. These alleles can be recessive or dominant. In the flower’s case, the white flower had a recessive gene and only appeared in the second generation when there was another recessive gene. The purple flower was the dominant gene. SIGNIFICANCE OF MENDEL’S WORK Mendel’s work was very significant but people and other scientists of his generation thought his work and theories were ridiculous and it wasn’t possible for genetics to be interpreted in such a way. Though his theories were true, they never accepted it. Before Mendel, scientists thought that a baby that's forming had already been formed and the baby was just a tiny baby growing in size. Mendel’s theory tried to prove that wrong. His work wasn't accepted until the 1900’s, which was after he died. Scientists only recognized it then. Mendel’s lasts words were “My time will come.” He was right his time did come. MENDEL’S WORK REDISCOVERED IN 1900’S The scientists from the 1900’s rediscovered Mendel’s work and thought that his discoveries meant something and he was right about his theories. Scientists like DeVries, Correns, and Tschermark rediscovered his work in the same year and helped spread awareness about the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance. They didn’t realize that they were working on 3 different hybrids at the same time. Hybrids are referring to different plants with different alleles. By the middle of the 1900’s people started to fully understands cells and chromosomes and the science behind it due to rediscovering Mendel’s theories and work. CHARLES DARWIN ON GREGOR MENDEL AND HIS WORK Charles Darwin- I think that Mendel’s work is amazing as I was working on the same concept of evolution. I think that his work made a lot of sense in terms of science and a lot of it was right. It was a shame that his work wasn’t accepted and in fact, was ridiculed. As ridiculous as it may have sounded, his theories were often very accurate and helped solve mysteries of cells and chromosomes and heredity. AUGUST WEISMANN ON GREGOR MENDEL AND HIS WORK August Weismann- I thought of Gregor Mendel as very good companion and colleague to help me on my theories of evolution. I studied quite the same thing about evolution and heredity and his work helped me out a lot. A lot of the things I learned were from him. It would have been so much better if his theories were accepted. APA REFERENCES: "August Weismann." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2014. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Weismann "Charles Darwin." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 3 Feb. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Online Education Kit: 1900: Rediscovery of Mendel's Work." Online Education Kit: 1900: Rediscovery of Mendel's Work. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. http://www.genome.gov/25520238>.