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GENETICS
BODY SYSTEMS
The body is organized from
Cells
the simplest to most complex.
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism
Skeletal System: This system gives the
body its framework and shape. It protects internal organs and enables you to
move. It produces blood cells and stores
minerals, such as calcium. Includes
bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Muscular System: The system
that helps the body move. Involves 3
types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal
muscle, & smooth muscles
Respiratory System: The system that exchanges oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Includes
Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
Circulatory System:
System of the body that works
to carry nutrients and oxygen
through out the body. Includes
arteries, veins, capillaries, &
the heart
Nervous System: The system that receives information about what is happening both inside and outside your body. Includes neurons, brain, and spinal
cord.
Integumentary System: The largest organ in the
body is the skin which
protects from injury and
infection, prevents loss of
water, regulates body temperature, eliminates waste,
and produces vitamin D.
Traits: Features or characteristics an organism inherits
from its parents that is coded for in DNA.
Gene: A segment of DNA on a chromosome
Chromosome: Rod-shaped structures found in the nucleus of every cell in an organism.
Allele: The different forms a gene may have for a trait.
It produces variations in traits. Each parent provides
one of its alleles to the offspring.
Dominant: allele that will show its effect on the
phenotype whenever it is present in the genotype
type. (Ex: TT or Tt)
Recessive: allele that will show its effect on the
phenotype only when two of the same alleles
re present in the genotype. (Ex: tt)
The Punnett Square
A tool used to predict the outcome of different
genetic combinations.
The probability is expressed as a fraction or a ratio.
EX: ¼ or 25% of the offspring will have a certain genotype
Blue eyes = bb
Brown eyes = BB or Bb
If a mother had blue eyes & a father was heterozygous
for brown eyes, what would their offspring possibly look
like? Make a Punnett Square. What % would have
brown eyes? What % would have blue eyes?
Evolution
The change in the genetics of a species over time.
There are three main theories as to the cause of evolution.
Natural Selection: Process by which organisms that are
suited to a particular environment are better able to
survive and reproduce than organisms that are not.
Mutation: Process that changes DNA to form new alleles. Survival depends on whether or not the mutation
gives the species an advantage or disadvantage.
Selective Breeding: Handpicking organisms with
“desirable” traits and breeding them to reproduce those
traits.
FMS
STAAR!
Objective II
Ecology
Photosynthesis
Body Systems
Homeostasis and Feedback
Genetics
Ecology
A Biome is a climate region that has similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms.

Tundra known as the cold desert. It has an extremely cold climate and low biotic diversity
 Temperate deciduous forest is region with distinct seasons. The precipitation (75-150 cm) is
distributed evenly throughout the year. Soil is
fertile, enriched with decaying litter
 Tropical Rain Forest - warm, wet and lush plant
growth and daily rain.
 Grasslands receive 50 cm of rain, made up of
grass, know as prairies.
 Desert –is the driest biome. Deserts cover about
one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where
rainfall is less than 50 cm/year.
 Fresh Water-Ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers
 Marine Water-Oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries
Levels of Organization in an Ecosystem
Ecosystem: all living & non-living things in an area
Organism: living matter in the environment
Species: organisms with similar characteristics
Population: organisms of the same species
Community: all populations living together
Interaction in a Ecosystem
Herbivore: eats only plants ex: deer
Carnivore: eats animals (meat) ex: wolf
Omnivore: eats plants & animals ex: human
Predator: hunts and eats other animals ex: lions
Prey: is hunted as food ex: rabbit
Scavenger: food from dead animals ex: vulture
Producer: makes of food ex: plants
Consumer: food from other organisms ex: humans
Decomposer: gets food from dead organisms and
the waster of organisms ex: fungi, bacteria
Food Webs &
Energy Pyramids
A food web is a
diagram that
shows the feeding relationships
between the
plants and animals in a certain
area. (who eats
whom) The arrows indicate
what direction
the energy goes.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
During the chemical reaction of photosynthesis, a plant
transforms energy in the form of light from the sun into
chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Food Pyramid
Carnivore
Secondary
Consumers
CO2
+
H 2O +
carbon dioxide water
sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2
glucose
oxygen
Primary Consumers
Herbivores
Plants produce oxygen that is used by
animals in a process called respiration. Animals produce carbon dioxide which is needed
to start photosynthesis.
Producers
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Succession - refers to the normal, gradual changes
that occur in the types of species that live in an area.
Primary succession – the series of changes that
occur in an area where no ecosystem exist. Can
take years to develop.
Secondary succession is the series of community
changes which take place on a previously colonized,
but disturbed or damaged habitat. (Causes: Droughts,
Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Tornados)
Equilibrium is a state of balance when the numbers
of species of organisms do not change suddenly and
organisms grow gradually.
HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK
Homeostasis: the ability of an organisms or its systems to maintain equilibrium:
Physical Processes (Feedback):
Feedback
Response to
Stimulus
Example
Negative
Decreases
effect
Sweating to
cool internally
Positive
Increases effect Increased production of stomach acid
Chemical Processes:
Regulation of Blood Sugar such as the production of insulin by the pancreases which is a
member of the Endocrine System
Turgor Pressure:
The hearts pumps blood through the veins
which keeps the veins from collapsing just as water
is moved through stems of plants to maintain an
upright position
ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS
Cells: smallest unit of living things. All things are
made up of cells. Cells have small parts that have
specific functions.
Cell Membrane: outer boundary of the cell;
(semi-permeable)
Cytoplasm: a gel-like material in the cell
Nucleus : directs
the activity of a cell;
(DNA)
Nuclear Membrane:
surrounds nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum: moves
materials in cell
Ribosomes: make
protein for the cell
Golgi Bodies: packaging & secreting of energy
Mitochondria: break down food & release energy to
the cell (ATP)
Lysosomes: are chemicals used to digest waste
Vacuoles: storage areas for cell
Only Plant Cells have:
Cell Wall - provides structure
to the plant cell
Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll; make food for the plant
cell
Large Vacuole