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SCIENCE DETECTIVE® A1 Earth Science 35-Plate Tectonics: Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes 14What causes these plates to move? A 1Earth's entire crust, which includes the continents and ocean basins, is constantly moving. 2Parts of the crust slowly move into, under, or away from each other. 3The drift of the continents is so slow (about 1.5 inches per year) that it is not noticeable unless it's viewed over millions of years. SHeat from deep inthe Earth's interior causes the rock in the mantle to become hotter and rise upward. 16Then it squeezes between the edges of two plates, or plate boundaries. 1q-his forces the ,plates apart. ÿhis process constantly pushes the plates farther and farther apart. 5Think of the continents as large pieces of a E ÿgPlaces where plates move apart are called divergent boundaries. 2°This type of plate movement is responsible for seafloor spreading, puzzle. 6Do they all fit together? 7Look closely at which is how the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and .East their coastlines. Pacific Rise were formed. B 4Have you ever put together a jigsaw puzzle? F =ÿAt convergent boundaries, the plates are actually moving toward each other, causing a collision. ÿ2When there is a continent on both sides of the plates, the collision causes the crust to crumble, fold, tilt, or lift, forming mountains. 23The Himalayan Mountains formed along a convergent boundary. 24Volcanoes are also found at convergent boundaries. 25As one plate slides under another, hot rock material in the upper mantle melts and becomes magma. 261t can then erupt through cracks, producing volcanic PANGEA mountains. C 8In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, wrote a book called The Origins of Continents and Oceans, where he explained how Earth's continents had fit together at one time as one gigantic continent. 9He called this huge continent Pangea, which means "all lands." ÿ°His hypothesis is now known as continental drift. G 27Tile San Andreas fault is a famous example of a transform fault boundary. 28Faults are huge cracks in the Earth's crust. 29This type of boundary occurs when plates slide past each other in different directions.without moving up or down. 3°Sometimes the motion is very gradual and occasionally it is very sudden. 3ÿAn earthquake is the rigorous shaking of the Earth D HEarth's crust and outer mantle form the lithosphere° ÿq-he lithosphere is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. ÿ3-I-he tectonic plates float on the asthenosphere, found right below the lithosphere. " COÿfVERGENT FL,ÿTÿOLrÿD,ÿy • ÿaÿ--yÿ ÿ . ÿ--" LAT'E due to sudden plate movements. Plate Te onics Questions 1. Describe the movement of the Earth's crust 2. Who was the scientist who called the one large continent Pangea? 3. What was his hypothesis called? 4. What two layers make up the lithosphere? 5, Which layer makes up the tectonic plates? 6. The tectonic plates float on the 7. What causes plates to move? 8. Divergent boundaries - Describe their movement: • Landforms created (2): ° Example is: , Convergent boundaries • Describe their movement: • Landforms created (2): • Example is: 10. Transform boundaries • Describe movement ° Result (geological event): o Example is: C