Download Inside Earth-Chapter 1 - Kenston Local Schools

Inside Earth-Chapter 1
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1.
rotate
to move around an axis inside the object
(internal axis); the axis can be real or
imaginary
2.
revolve
to move around an axis outside the object
(external axis); the axis can be real or
imaginary
3.
Protoplanet
Hypothesis
favored explanation for the formation of the
solar system and our planet; rotating cloud of
gas and dust, spins faster, 90% becomes Sun,
10 % becomes protoplanets, comets, meteors,
and asteroids
21.
fossil
a trace of an ancient organism that has been
preserved in rock
22.
mid-ocean
ridge
an undersea mountain chain where new ocean
floor is produced; a divergent plate
23.
sonar
a device that determines the distance of an object
under water by recording echos of sound waves
24.
sea-floor
spreading
the process by which molten material adds new
oceanic crust to the ocean floor
25.
deep-ocean
trench
a deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which
oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle
26.
subduction
the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a
deep ocean trench and back into the mantle at a
converget plate boundary
4.
crust
thinnest, outer layer of the Earth; broken up
into plates; "floats" on the asthenosphere;
oceanic crust is made of basalt; continental
crust is made of mostly granite
27.
plate
5.
mantle
below the crust; has 3 parts-upper, middle,
and lower; largest layer; made of mostly
silica, iron and magnesium
a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over
the asthenosphere, carry pieces of continental and
oceanic crust
28.
consists of the earth's crust and the upper
mantle
scientific
theory
a well tested concept that explains a wide range of
observations
29.
plate
tectonics
the theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in
constant motion, driven by convection currents in
the mantle
6.
lithosphere
7.
asthenosphere
middle mantle; flows like hot asphalt; reason
the crustal plates move (convection currents)
8.
convection
currents
the repeating cycle of the rising and falling of
the hot material in the mantle
(asthenosphere); contributes to the movement
of the crustal plates; the movement of fluid,
caused by differences in temperature, that
transfers heat from one part of the fluid to
another
30.
fault
a break in the Earth's crust where masses of rock
slip past one another
31.
divergent
boundary
a plate boundary where two plates move away
from each other
32.
rift valley
a deep valley that forms where two plates move
apart
9.
outer core
the outer portion of the core of the Earth; in a
liquid state; made of iron and nickel
33.
convergent
boundary
a plate boundary where two plates move toward
each other
10.
inner core
the very deepest part of the Earth; in a solid
state, due to pressure; made of iron and nickel
34.
transform
boundary
a plate boundary where two plates move past each
other in opposite directions
11.
seismic waves
vibrations that travel through Earth carrying
energy released during an earthquake
12.
pressure
the force exerted on a surface divided by the
area over which the force is exerted
13.
basalt
a dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture,
found in oceanic crust
14.
granite
a usually light-colored igneous rock that is
found in continental crust
15.
radiation
the transfer of energy through space
16.
conduction
the transfer of heat within a material or
between materials that are touching
17.
convection
the transfer of heat by movement of a fluid
18.
density
the amount of mass in a given space; mass per
unit volume
19.
continental
drift
the hypothesis that the continents slowly move
across Earth's surface
20.
Pangaea
the name of the single land mass that broke
apart 200 million years ago