Download The endocrine system

The endocrine system
Types of glands
• 1. exocrine glands: duct glands
• Ex) tear glands, sweat glands
“exo”: out
duct: tube-like structure
• 2. endocrine glands: ductless glands
“endo” : within
http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-120218/The-glands-of-the-humanendocrine-system-secrete-hormones-that
3. dual glands: function as both
an endocrine & an exocrine gland
• Ex) pancreases
• -exocrine: digestion enzyme
• -endocrine: insulin, glucagon
http://www.londonlivercentre.co.uk/pancreatic-cancer/the-pancreas/
Hormones
• Hormones – chemicals secreted in one
area of the body which affect responses
in other areas.
Hormones have specific shapes that fit
with receptors on the surface of the
structure they are gong to influence.
• Hormones interact and exert control on
metabolic activities such as reproduction
and development, including
metamorphosis.
metamorphosis
• A change in form in development found
in many insects and amphibians.
http://www.rahmahmuslimhomeschool.co.
uk/index/tag/metamorphosis/
Hypothalamus
• A small region of the brain that produces
hormones influencing the pituitary gland
http://endocrine101.wikispaces.com/Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Some specific functions:
1. Regulates posterior pituitary through
direct sensory-nervous control (ex.
Water balance, body temperature,
hunger)
2. Regulates the pituitary indirectly
through releasing factors. (chemicals)
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookendocr.html
B. Endocrine system
1. Pituitary gland: nicknamed the “Master
gland”
--secretes numerous hormones
Some hormones produced:
(a) Growth stimulating hormone
-- stimulates the elongation of long bones
(b) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
--stimulates activity in the ovaries and
testes
(c ) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
--stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete
thyroxin
http://women.webmd.com/picture-of-the-thyroid
• (d) LH (luteinizing hormone)
-- brings about the change of the follicle
to the corpus luteum (yellow body)
-- this corpus luteum thus secretes the
hormone progesterone – preparing the
embryo for implantation in the uterus
and thus pregnancy
video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4
GikWwQ
2. Thyroid gland
Large gland near the lower part of the
larynx where it joints the trachea
2. Thyroid gland con’t
--functions to maintain body metabolism
--produces the hormone THYROXIN which
is mostly iodine based
(controls the rate of metabolism
and is responsible for normal
physical and mental
development.)
3. Parathyroid glands
• Patches of pea shaped tissue embedded
in the thyroid gland
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03488
3. Parathyroid glands
--produces the hormone
PARATHORMONE (controls
the metabolism of calcium
– needed for nervous
function, strong bones
and teeth, and blood
clotting.)
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03488
4. Adrenal glands
• Two small glands located at the top of
each kidney
-- produce adrenalin
http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/health_1/
human-anatomy/1112796039/adrenal-gland/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Adrenal_gland_(PSF).png
4. Adrenal glands con’t
• Adrenalin – “Fight or flight hormone”
--secreted during times of emergency
--increases the blood sugar level and
accelerates heart and breathing rates
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine
http://www.livestrong.com/article/447694-what-are-the-effects-of-epinephrine-norepinephrine/
4. Adrenal glands con’t
• Cortisol –promotes proper cartilage
composition –stimulated carbohydrate,
protein, and lipid metabolism (cortisone
is a man-made cortisol used in the
treatment of joint disorders)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cortisol-3D-vdW.png
http://firstaid.webmd.com/cartilage
5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
• small groups of cells located in the
pancreas
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/101913/The-islets-of-Langerhans-are-responsible-for-the-endocrine-function
5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
con’t
• Glucagon: stimulates the release of
stored animal starch in the liver
(glycogen) into the blood as glucose
when needed
http://www.sanofidiabetes.in/pathophysiology.aspx
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/carbo%20metab%20cases/glycogen%2
0metab/Glycogen%20biochemistry.htm
5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
con’t
• Insulin: has 2 basic roles:
(a) Facilitates the entrance of glucose into
the cells
(b)Lowers blood sugar levels by promoting
the movement of glucose from the
blood into the muscles in liver (for
conversion into glycogen)
http://www.sanofidiabetes.in/pathophysiology.aspx
6. Testes
Testes --male sex glands: secrete
testosterone.
testosterone: influences the development
of male secondary sex characteristics.
http://www.herbalgranny.com/2009/08/14/herbal-remedy-for-testes-infection/
7. Ovaries
Ovaries--female sex glands: secrete
estrogen.
estrogen: influences the development of
female secondary sex characteristics.
http://www.swedish.org/Services/Robotic-Surgery-Program/Conditions-We-Treat/Ovarian-Cancer#axzz2QU1j1SPI
(Some Endocrine Malfunctions)
(a) goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland
usually resulting from the gland’s inability to
manufacture thyroxin.
--often associated with an iodine deficiency in
the diet.
(WebMD, LLC., 2011)
(Iodinenetwork, 2013)
Iodized salt
(Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2013)
(Some Endocrine Malfunctions) con’t
(b) diabetes: a disorder characterized by an
insulin deficiency which results in an elevated
blood sugar level.
Number (in Millions) of Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes,
United States, 1980–2010
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011)
Ms. Kim’s mom has diabetes.
• Used to love sweets.
• Exercises everyday.
• Takes medicine
everyday.
• My brother and I
always keep her from
eating sweets.
(7 Diabetes Symptoms)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Craving for water
Craving for sweets
Frequent urination
Heart and circulation
Sudden changes in vision problems
Sudden changes in weight
Frequent shifts in body energy (intense
fatigue)
http://diabetesinformation1.blogspot.com/
Positive/Negative Feedback
--also called biofeedback.
--a type of organism self regulation
--operates on the principle that the level
of one hormone in the blood inhibits or
stimulates the production of another
hormone (or substance.)
Positive vs. Negative
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Stimulates…make more
Inhibits… stops or decreases
Direct relationship
↑..↑ or ↓…↓
Indirect relationship
↑…↓
Examples
1. Positive feedback
• Estrogen luteinizing hormone:
ovulation
2. Negative feedback
• Thyroid and Thyroid stimulating
hormones
• Insulin and glucagon
Demo
• Feedback mechanism
(A spoonful of medicine, n.d.)
Comparison of nervous and
endocrine systems
Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R218fF
Zhq4c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4
GikWwQ
References
A spoonful of medicine. (n.d.). [Illustration]. A little blog about our human physiological essence. Retrieved from
http://aspoonfulofmedicine.tumblr.com/post/5174646860/insulin-glucagon-negative-feedback-system
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). [Graph]. Number (in millions) of civilian, noninstitutionalized
persons with diagnosed diabetes, United States, 1980–2010. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figpersons.htm
Iodinenetwork. (2013). [Photograph]. Iodine nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.iodinenetwork.net/Learning.htm
Rich, V. (2012). [Illustration]. Diabetes information. Symptoms of diabetes. Retrieved from
http://diabetesinformation1.blogspot.com/
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2013). [Photograph]. Morton Iodized Salt, 26 oz. Retrieved from
http://www.walmart.com/ip/Morton-Iodized-Salt-26-oz-Pack-of-24/17340587
WebMD, LLC. (2011). [Illustration]. Information and Resources. Goiter. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-toz-guides/goiter