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CKSS 2012 Exercise Science Section 1: The Anatomical Position An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 Text Books, Work Book and Reading List Introductions • My Email • [email protected] • My Website • kevinhouldcroft.com • On Line Quiz: www.thompsonbooks.com/ quizzes/es1_quizzes.htm The Anatomical Position t Anatomical position: Anatomists and physiologists view the human body in this standard starting point v Body in an upright standing position v Face and feet pointing forward v Arms at side and forearms fully supinated (palms facing forward) Anatomical Planes t Anatomical Planes relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another: v Transverse plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior segments v Sagittal plane: Divides the body into medial and lateral segments v Frontal plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments Anatomical Axes t Anatomical Axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints: v Longitudinal (polar) axis: In a “north-south” relationship to the anatomical position v Horizontal (bilateral) axis: In an “east-west” relationship to the anatomical position v Antero-posterior axis: In a “front-to-back” relationship to the anatomical position Basic Movements Involving a Joint Flexion - Extension t Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones t Extension: increasing the angle between two bones Basic Movements Involving a Joint Abduction - Adduction t Abduction: moving away from the midline t Adduction: moving towards the midline Basic Movements Involving a Joint Internal Rotation - External Rotation t Internal rotation: rotating inward towards the midline t External rotation: rotating outward away from the midline Basic Movements Involving a Joint Circumduction t Circumduction: circular motion Basic Movements Involving a Joint Supination - Pronation t Supination: lateral rotation of the hand and forearm t Pronation: medial rotation of the hand and forearm Basic Movements Involving a Joint Protraction - Retraction t Protraction: moving in a forward (anterior) position t Retraction: moving in a backward (posterior) position Basic Movements Involving a Joint Dorsiflexion - Plantar Flexion t Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot upward t Plantar flexion: pointing the foot downward Describing Position and Movement t Anterior: front surface of the body t Posterior: back surface of the body t Superior: refers to structures being closer t t t t t to the top of the body (excluding limbs) Inferior: refers to structures being closer to the lower part of the body (excluding limbs) Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal Lateral: away from the midline or midsagittal Proximal: towards the upper segment of a limb Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb Relationship Between Axes and Planes Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion/Extension Longitudinal (Polar) Transverse Rotation of extremities/ Axial rotation Antero-Posterior Frontal Abduction/Adduction Finding Axes and Planes t Axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement t In the anatomical position: all flexion/ extension occurs in the sagittal plane, all abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in the transverse plane t More involved movements usually occur as a combination of motions from more than one plane Longitudinal Axis 90 Transverse Plane o Twirling t What is the axis of rota-on? t Polar t What is the plane of mo-on? t Transverse Simon Says “Planes of Movement” Stride Jump Antero-Posterior Frontal Side Bend Antero-Posterior Frontal Elbow extension Bilateral Sagittal Nodding head “yes” Bilateral Sagittal Twirling Polar Transverse Shaking head “no” Polar Transverse