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1 SECTION The Anatomical Position ► In the same way that maps of the world are universally oriented in the North-South–East-West position, anatomists and physiologists look at the human body from a standard starting point. ► Diagrams of the anatomical position portray the body in an upright, standing position, face and feet pointing forward, with the arms at the side, and the forearms fully supinated (palms facing forward). The Anatomical Position © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Describing Position and Movement Anatomical Planes ► A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis around which it rotates. ► THE GENERAL RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement. ► ► ► ► © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Anatomical Axes ► ► ► ► Anatomical Axes: Axes are used to describe how rotation of the muscles and bones takes place. Longitudinal or polar axis is in a “north-south” relationship to the anatomical position. Horizontal or bilateral axis is in an “east-west” relationship to the anatomical position. Antero-posterior axis is in a “front-to-back” relationship to the anatomical position. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Anatomical Planes: Anatomical planes relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another. Transverse plane “divides” the body into superior and inferior segments. Sagittal plane “divides” the body into medial and lateral segments. Frontal or coronal plane “divides” the body into anterior and posterior segments. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Relationship between Planes and Axes Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion, extension Longitudinal (Polar) Transverse Rotation of extremities, axial rotation Antero-Posterior Coronal (Frontal) Abduction, adduction © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Basic Movements Involving a Joint Describing Position and Movement ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► anterior - front surface of the body posterior - back surface of the body superior - refers to structures being closer to the top of the body (excluding arms and legs) inferior - refers to structures being closer to the lower part of the body (excluding arms and legs) medial - towards the midline or mid-sagittal lateral - away from the midline or midsagittal proximal - towards the upper segment of a limb distal - towards the lower segment of a limb Flexion – decreasing the angle between two bones (sagittal plane) Extension – increasing the angle between two bones (sagittal plane) Adduction – moving towards the midline Abduction – moving away from the midline Internal rotation – rotating inwardly towards the midline External rotation – rotating outwardly away from the midline Circumduction – circular motion Supination – lateral rotation of the forearm and hand Pronation - medial rotation of the forearm and hand Plantar flexion – pointing the foot downward Dorsiflexion – pointing the foot upward © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Various Movements and Planes of Movement Various Movements and Planes of Movement ► ► ► ► Stride jump Cartwheel Elbow extension Nodding yes ► ► ► ► Tuck Somersault Twirling Shaking head no © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Helpful Hints… ► Axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement. ► In the anatomical position, all flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal plane; all abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane; and all rotation occurs in the transverse plane. ► More involved movements are usually not in one specific plane but occur as a combination of motions from more than one plane. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Stride Jump Antero-Posterior Frontal Cartwheel Antero-Posterior Frontal Elbow extension Bilateral Sagittal Nodding yes Bilateral Sagittal Tuck Bilateral Sagittal Somersault Bilateral Sagittal Twirling Polar Transverse Shaking head no Polar Transverse © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
