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Unit 12, Notes 1 Punishment or Reconciliation? Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan Reconciliation: wanted to mend the nation's wounds and bring the South back into the fold like a wayward son Amnesty (pardon for political offenses) to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty and agreed to follow federal policies concerning slavery 10% Plan: when 10 percent of a state's voters in the 1860 election took this oath of loyalty then a new state government could be organized Radical Republican Plan The Radical Republicans were led by Rep. Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner 3 Radical Republican Reconstruction Goals No Confederate leaders returning to power/authority of any kind Republican presence in the Southern states Support the new freedmen (former slaves) in the South Wade-Davis Bill: Congressional act requiring the majority of adult white men in the Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union - required the majority of adult white men in a former Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance to the Union Constitutional Convention would then follow State conventions had to... Abolish slavery Repudiate all wartime debts Deprive Confederate officers and govt. officials from holding office or voting Lincoln blocked it with a pocket veto it was a power struggle over who would control Reconstruction, the President or Congress. Lincoln was assassinated before Reconstruction really began so this showdown ended when the President died. President Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction Plan Johnson believed that a moderate policy was needed to bring the South back into the Union and to win Southern loyalty Restoration program – very similar to Lincoln’s plan Pardoned all former Confederates who took an oath of loyalty except... former Confederate officers planter aristocracy - Johnson believed these people had caused the war they could only be pardon by the president State conventions held to revoke succession and ratify the 13th Amendment: abolished slavery in the United States After initially being tough on ex-Confederate leaders, Johnson began to grant private pardons to thousands of former Confederate planters and officers Freedmen's Bureau Thousands of freedmen settled on old plantation lands along S.C. and Georgia coastline – The devastation of the war and the collapse of the economy left thousands of people unemployed, homeless, and hungry Those sympathizing with the freedmen pushed for the "40 acres and a mule" support method – take land for the former Confederates and give to the former slaves, others thought that violated individual property rights The government created the Freedmen's Bureau to provide needed support – Large numbers of African Americans had flocked to Union lines as the war progressed seeking food and shelter Freedmen's Bureau: Created to feed and clothe war refugees in the South – about 30,000 rations a day Help former slaves find work - negotiated labor contracts with planters, specifying pay and number of hours of work Educate former slaves – provided housing for schools, paid teachers, and helped establish colleges for training African-American teachers New Civil Rights Legislation New Southern legislatures (dominated by ex-Confederates) passed a series of Black Codes to limit African American rights...- varied from state to state…but they intended to keep African-Americans in a condition similar to slavery annual labor contracts set specific work hours - African American children could be beaten required nonagricultural workers to get a special license perpetuated the segregation of society Civil Rights Act of 1866 Grants citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. except Native Americans 14th Amendment – passed to override the black codes Citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. No state can deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process of law President Johnson attacked the amendment – Johnson thought the Amendment was too liberal and would alienate the South Military Reconstruction Violence erupted in the South over the passage of the 14th Amendment Military Reconstruction Act (1867) – which essentially wiped out Johnson’s programs Confederacy divided into 5 military districts New state conventions had to create constitutions acceptable by Congress Suffrage had to be extended to all adult male citizens regardless of race 14th Amendment had to be ratified before states could elect people to Congress Johnson Impeached Congress passed Tenure of Office Act to prevent Johnson from firing Republican policy supporter and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton – required all orders from the president through the Senate - they knew that Stanton agreed with their program and would enforce it Johnson fired Stanton anyway – Stanton barricaded himself in his office and refused to leave for 3 days House then impeached Johnson for “high crimes and misdemeanors” – They charged that Johnson had broken the law by refusing to uphold the Tenure of Office Act Senate came up one vote shy of removing Johnson from office - The senate put the president on trial – needed 2/3s vote to be found guilty and removed 35 to 19 Election of 1868 – Ch 12, S 2 President Johnson chose not to run – after the impeachment process Ulysses S. Grant became the favored Republican candidate – popular war hero Union troops in South enabled African Americans to vote in large numbers Grant elected - Grant won six Southern states and most of the Northern states 15th Amendment: Right to vote “shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” 1870