Download Bio 3 Semester Exam Review

Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
Chapter 13
13–1 Changing the Living World
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally selective breeding
occurring genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms, hybridization
inbreeding
to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.
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Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by
inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic
variability.
13–2 Manipulating DNA
Key Concept
Vocabulary
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genetic engineering
restriction enzyme
gel electrophoresis
recombinant DNA
polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its
chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules.
Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut
DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a
DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.
13–3 Cell Transformation
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. plasmid
This external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
genetic marker
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If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is
integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Key Concept
Vocabulary
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transgenic
clone
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology,
which is a new industry that is changing the way we interact
with the living world.
1. Give one example of selective breeding.
2. Relate genetic variation and mutations to each other.
3. How might a breeder induce mutations?
4. What is polyploidy?
5. Describe the process scientists use to manipulate DNA.
6. Why might a scientist want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule?
7. How does gel electrophoresis work?
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
8. Which technique can be used to make multiple copies of a gene? What are the basic
steps in this procedure?
9. Describe the process scientists use to manipulate DNA.
10. Why might a scientist want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule?
11. How does gel electrophoresis work?
12. Which technique can be used to make multiple copies of a gene? What are the basic
steps in this procedure?
13. What is transformation?
14. How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful?
15. How are genetic markers related to transformation?
16. What are two features that make plasmids useful for transforming cells?
Chapter 14
14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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DNA fingerprinting
The Human Genome Project is an ongoing effort to
analyze the human DNA sequence.
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In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a
normal, working gene.
1. Describe the process of DNA fingerprinting
2. Describe what is meant by the term rapid sequencing
3. Name two common uses for DNA testing.
4. What is the Human Genome Project?
5. Describe how gene therapy works.
6.
Describe how molecular biologists identify genes in sequences of DNA.
Chapter 22
22–1 Introduction to Plants
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of
cellulose. They develop from multicellular embryos and carry out
photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.
sporophyte
gametophyte
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The lives of plants revolve around the need for sunlight, water and
minerals, gas exchange, and the movement of water and nutrients
throughout the plant body.
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
22–3 Seedless Vascular Plants
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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vascular tissue
tracheid
xylem
phloem
root
leaf
vein
stem
Both forms of vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—can move
fluids throughout the plant body, even against the force of
gravity.
22–4 Seed Plants
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce in areas without gymnosperm
angiosperm
water include flowers or cones, the transfer of sperm by
cone
pollination, and the protection of embryos in seeds.
flower
pollen grain
pollination
seed
embryo
seed coat
22–5 Angiosperms—Flowering Plants
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as
flowers.
Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds.
fruit
monocot
dicot
cotyledon
Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or annual
cotyledons, in the plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, biennial
perennial
and dicots have two.
There are three categories of plant life spans: annual, biennial,
and perennial.
1. Identify the characteristics of the plant kingdom.
2. To live successfully on land, what substances must plants obtain from their
environment?
3. What are the two types of vascular tissue? Describe the function of each.
4. What reproductive structures are unique to angiosperms? Briefly describe the function
of each.
5. What are monocots and dicots?
6. How do annuals, biennials, and perennials differ?
7. What reproductive structures are unique to angiosperms? Briefly describe the function
of each.
8. What are monocots and dicots?
9. How do annuals, biennials, and perennials differ?
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
10. Compare the growth forms of plants with woody stems and those with herbaceous
stems.
Chapter 23
23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
Three of the principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and
leaves.
epidermal cell
cuticle
trichome
Plants consist of three tissue systems: dermal tissue, vascular tissue, vessel element
sieve tube
and ground tissue.
element
Vascular tissue contains several different cell types. Xylem consists of companion cell
parenchyma
tracheids and vessel elements, and phloem consists of sieve tube
collenchyma
elements and companion cells.
sclerenchyma
Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by meristem
meristematic
mitosis.
tissue
apical meristem
23–2 Roots
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
The two main types of roots are taproots, found mainly in dicots,
and fibrous roots, found mainly in monocots.
taproot
fibrous root
root hair
A mature root has an outside layer of epidermal cells and a central cortex
endodermis
cylinder of vascular tissue separated by a large area of ground
vascular cylinder
tissue called the cortex.
root cap
Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and dissolved Casparian strip
nutrients from the soil.
23–3 Stems
Key Concepts
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Stems have three important functions: They produce leaves,
branches, and flowers; they hold leaves up in the sunlight; and
they transport various substances between roots and leaves.
Vocabulary
node
internode
bud
vascular bundle
In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. pith
In dicots and most gymnosperms, vascular bundles are arranged in primary growth
secondary growth
a cylinder.
vascular cambium
cork cambium
In all seed plants, primary growth of stems is produced by cell
heartwood
divisions in the apical meristem.
sapwood
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
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In conifers and dicots, secondary growth takes place in lateral
meristematic tissues called the vascular cambium and cork
cambium.
bark
23–4 Leaves
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and
carrying out photosynthesis.
blade
petiole
mesophyll
Plants keep their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis palisade mesophyll
to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount spongy mesophyll
stoma
of water.
guard cell
transpiration
1. What are the three main organs of seed plants? Describe the structure of each.
2. List the three tissue systems of plants. Describe how each tissue is distributed in stems,
tissues, and leaves.
3. What two cell types make up xylem? Phloem?
4. What is the function of meristematic tissue in a plant?
5. Compare a taproot and a fibrous root.
6. How are tissues distributed in a plant root?
7. Describe the two main functions of roots.
8. How is osmosis involved in the absorption of water and nutrients?
9. How do the functions of a stem relate to the roots and leaves of a plant?
10. Describe how the arrangement of vascular bundles differs between monocot and dicot
stems.
11. Define primary and secondary growth. Which involves divisions of the apical
meristem?
12. How do heartwood and sapwood differ?
13. Describe how the structure of a leaf is optimized for light absorption.
14. What factors regulate the opening and closing of guard cells?
15. Are stomata more likely to be open or closed on a hot day? Explain your answer.
16. Describe the cell types found within a typical leaf.
Chapter 24
24–1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers
Key Concepts
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Reproduction in gymnosperms takes place in cones, which are
produced by a mature sporophyte plant.
Vocabulary
pollen cone
seed cone
ovule
Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds pollen tube
sepal
of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
petal
stamen
Reproduction in angiosperms takes place within the flower.
Following pollination and fertilization, the seeds develop inside filament
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
protective structures called fruits.
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anther
carpel
Most gymnosperms are wind pollinated, whereas most flowering ovary
style
plants are pollinated by animals.
stigma
embryo sac
endosperm
double fertilization
24–2 Seed Development and Germination
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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As angiosperm seeds mature, the ovary walls thicken to form a
fruit that encloses the developing seeds.
dormancy
germination
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Seeds dispersed by animals are typically contained in fleshy,
nutritious fruits.
Seeds dispersed by wind or water are typically lightweight,
allowing them to be carried in the air or to float on the surface of
the water.
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Environmental factors such as temperature and moisture can cause
a seed to end dormancy and germinate.
1. What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms?
2. Describe the flower and how it is involved in reproduction.
3. Are angiosperms typically wind pollinated or animal pollinated? How does this
process occur?
4. What is endosperm? Where does it form in a flowering plant?
5. Describe what happens as fertilized angiosperm seeds mature.
6. Compare the typical structure of seeds that are dispersed by animals to those dispersed
by wind and water.
7. Why is it adaptive for some seeds to remain dormant before they germinate?
Chapter 35
35–1 Human Body Systems
Key Concepts
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The levels of organization in a multicellular organism
include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Vocabulary
specialized cell
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal nervous tissue
muscle tissue
conditions relatively constant despite changes in external
homeostasis
environments.
feedback inhibition
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
35–2 The Nervous System
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body and responds to internal and external
stimuli.
neuron
cell body
dendrite
axon
The basic structural units of the nervous system are neurons. myelin sheath
resting potential
action potential
A nerve impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by
threshold
another neuron or by its environment.
synapse
neurotransmitter
35–3 Divisions of the Nervous System
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
The central nervous system relays messages, processes
information, and analyzes information. The central nervous
system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into the
thalamus
sensory division and the motor division. The sensory
division transmits impulses from sense organs to the central hypothalamus
nervous system. The motor division transmits impulses from reflex
reflex arc
the central nervous system to the muscles or glands.
35–4 The Senses
Key Concept
Vocabulary
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sensory receptor
retina
rod
cone
cochlea
semicircular canal
There are five general categories of sensory receptors: pain
receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors,
chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
35–5 Drugs and the Nervous System
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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drug
stimulant
depressant
fetal alcohol
syndrome
drug abuse
addiction
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Stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
rate. In addition, stimulants increase the release of
neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain.
Depressants slow down heart rate and breathing rate, lower
blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension.
Cocaine causes the sudden release of a neurotransmitter in the
brain called dopamine.
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
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Opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as
endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of
pain.
Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the rate at which the
central nervous system functions.
1. Sequence the following terms from simplest to most complex: organ system, tissue,
organ, organism, cell.
2. Why is it important for an organism to maintain homeostasis?
3. Describe the structure and function of a neuron.
4. What changes occur in the neuron during the resting potential? During an action potential?
5. How does the all-or-none principle relate to the transmission of a nerve impulse?
6. Describe the structure and function of the cerebrum.
7. Describe the advantage of a reflex response in the survival of an organism.
8. List the divisions of the autonomic nervous system and give the function of each.
9. Trace the path of light through the eye.
10. What are the functions of rods and cones?
11. Trace the path of sound through the ear.
12. Explain why a pregnant woman should avoid drinking alcohol.
13. What happens when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron?
14. Name and describe the three types of neurons.
Chapter 37
37–1 The Circulatory System
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
atrium
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of ventricle
pulmonary circulation
blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them.
systemic circulation
pacemaker
As the blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves
through three types of blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and aorta
artery
veins.
capillary
vein
37–2 Blood and the Lymphatic System
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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plasma
hemoglobin
phagocyte
lymphocyte
platelet
lymph
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Red blood cells transport oxygen.
White blood cells guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack
bacteria.
Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments
called platelets.
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
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A network of vessels, nodes, and organs called the lymphatic system
collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it to the
circulatory system.
37–3 The Respiratory System
Vocabulary
Key Concepts
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The basic function of the human respiratory system is to bring about pharynx
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the trachea
larynx
air, and tissues.
bronchus
Smoking can cause such respiratory diseases as chronic bronchitis, alveolus
diaphragm
emphysema, and lung cancer.
nicotine
emphysema
1. What is a closed circulatory system
2. Compare pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
3. Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
4. What is the major function of a valve in the heart? Where else in the circulatory
system are valves found?
5. Describe the function of the pacemaker.
6. How are impulses transmitted through the heart?
7. Compare the wall thickness and diameter of the three different types of blood vessels.
8. Distinguish between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
9. How does exercise help to prevent circulatory system disorders?
10. What are the major components of blood? List the functions of each component.
11. Explain why people with hemophilia need to avoid injury.
12. What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?
13. What part of the brain controls involuntary breathing?
14. What are three of the most dangerous substances in tobacco smoke? Describe how
each affects the body.
15. How does emphysema affect the respiratory system?
Chapter 38
38–1 Food and Nutrition
Key Concepts
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Vocabulary
The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbohydrates, Calorie
fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
carbohydrate
fat
protein
vitamin
Bio 3 Semester Exam Review
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Every cell in the human body needs water because many mineral
of the body's processes, including chemical reactions, take
place in water.
38–2 The Process of Digestion
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Several accessory structures, including the salivary glands,
the pancreas, and the liver, add secretions to the digestive
system.
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The function of the digestive system is to help convert
foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and
used by the cells of the body.
amylase
esophagus
peristalsis
stomach
chyme
small intestine
pancreas
liver
villus
large intestine
38–3 The Excretory System
Key Concepts
Vocabulary
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The kidneys play an important role in
maintaining homeostasis. They regulate
the water content of the blood and,
therefore, blood volume; maintain blood
pH; and remove waste products from the
blood.
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As blood enters a nephron through the
arteriole, impurities are filtered out and
emptied into the collecting duct. The
purified blood exits the nephron through
the venule.
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
nephron
filtration
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
reabsorption
loop of Henle
urethra
1. List the six nutrients needed by the body.
2. What is the importance of water in the body?
3. Why is fiber an important part of your diet?
4. How are vitamins and minerals similar? How are they different?
5. List the organs of the digestive system and give the function of each.
6. What role do enzymes play during digestion?
7. How do mechanical and chemical digestion work together to break down foods?
8. How does bile help in the digestion of fats?
9. How is the structure of the villi adapted to their function?
10. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
11. What materials are filtered from the blood in the kidney? What materials remain in
the blood?