Download NGSS Levels of Organization

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Learning Goals!
Levels of
Organization!
From Cells to Organisms!
Structure of Muscles!
We will be focusing on the structure of muscles as
an example of the Levels of Biological
Organization. !
1. Describe and sequence the 5 levels of
biological organization. !
2. What must happen in the body to
maintain homeostasis? Given an
example of this.!
3. Describe the outcome of the two types of
feedback, and give an example for each.!
Structure of Muscles!
The human body’s muscular system is made up
of individual cells, which form muscle tissues,
which form muscles, and are a part of our
body’s muscular system. !
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I. Levels of Organization!
I. The Five Levels of Biological Organization:!
1. Cell!
Ex: Muscle fibers are single, individual cells
that contract to move the body.!
1. Cell!
Cells are the smallest, most basic unit of life.
Different types of cells are specialized to
do different jobs in different parts of the
body, and in different organisms. !
2. Tissue!
A tissue is a group of many of the same
type of cells that work together to
perform a specific function. !
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2. Tissue!
Ex: Muscle tissue is made up of many
muscle cells!
3. Organ!
Ex: Every muscle in the human body is
considered an organ: !
3. Organ!
An organ is
made up of
groups of
tissues "
working
together to
perform a
specific
function. !
4. Organ System!
An Organ System is a group of multiple
organs, working together to perform a
specific function. !
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4. Organ System!
Ex.1:The muscular system’s main functions
is movement of the body. !
4. Organ System!
Ex.3: The respiratory system supplies the
body with Oxygen and removes Carbon
Dioxide!
4. Organ System!
Ex.2: The digestive system supplies the
body with nutrients!
4. Organ System!
Ex.4: The circulatory system supplies body
tissues with blood (moving nutrients/
waste)!
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5. Organism!
An organism is any
individual form of life; a
plant, animal, fungus,
bacteria, or protist.!
A. Unicellular organism:
made up of one cell!
II. Interacting Systems!
II. Interacting Systems: How body systems
work together!
A. No single system can perform all functions
needed to keep an organism alive. !
! Example: Paramecium!
B. Multicellular organism:
made up of many cells!
! Example: Gorilla!
II. Interacting Systems!
Ex: The digestive system breaks down food into
nutrients, and the circulatory system delivers
those nutrients to the cells/tissues of the body. !
II. Interacting Systems!
Ex: The respiratory system
absorbs O2 (oxygen) and
releases CO2 (carbon
dioxide), while the
circulatory system
transports O2 and CO2 to
the cells/tissues of the
body. !
B. Body systems work together
to maintain homeostasis.!
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III. Homeostasis!
Homeostasis: Maintaining the body’s internal conditions
(keeping them the same) !
Ex: Oxygen level, nutrient supply, removing waste,
hydration level, temperature, etc.!
A. Even when external conditions change, the body’s
internal conditions stay the same.!
III. Homeostasis!
B. All systems of the
body contribute
toward
maintaining
homeostasis.!
C. If the body’s
internal "
conditions "
change greatly,
illness may result.!
III. Homeostasis!
D. Two main mechanisms of the body: !
1) Positive Feedback amplifies a change in the same
direction!
Ex: Contractions during childbirth release a hormone that
increases the strength and frequency of those same
contractions.!
III. Homeostasis!
Positive Feedback!
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III. Homeostasis!
2) Negative Feedback
causes a change in
the opposite direction
to maintain constant
conditions!
III. Homeostasis!
Negative Feedback!
Ex.1: Consistent blood
pressure is "
controlled by
components of the
circulatory system;
the heart and
arteries.!
III. Homeostasis!
Ex.2: Body temperature is regulated by
multiple body systems.!
• Blood vessels in
the skin relax and
sweat glands
perspire to cool
down the body
when it is too
hot.!
III. Homeostasis!
• Skeletal muscle
and blood
vessels contract
to heat up the
body when it is
too cold.!
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Ex.3: Consistent blood
sugar levels are
controlled by the
pancreas & liver !
• The pancreas releases
insulin when there is too
much sugar in the blood
which stimulates the liver to
remove the extra sugar!
• The pancreas releases
glucagon when there is not
enough sugar in the blood
which signals the liver to
release glucose back into
the blood!
III. Homeostasis!
Learning Goals!
1. Describe and sequence the 5 levels
of biological organization. !
2. What must happen in the body to
maintain homeostasis? Give an
example of this.!
3. Describe the outcome of the two
types of feedback, and give an
example for each.!
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