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!"#!"$%& Learning Goals! Levels of Organization! From Cells to Organisms! Structure of Muscles! We will be focusing on the structure of muscles as an example of the Levels of Biological Organization. ! 1. Describe and sequence the 5 levels of biological organization. ! 2. What must happen in the body to maintain homeostasis? Given an example of this.! 3. Describe the outcome of the two types of feedback, and give an example for each.! Structure of Muscles! The human body’s muscular system is made up of individual cells, which form muscle tissues, which form muscles, and are a part of our body’s muscular system. ! $& !"#!"$%& I. Levels of Organization! I. The Five Levels of Biological Organization:! 1. Cell! Ex: Muscle fibers are single, individual cells that contract to move the body.! 1. Cell! Cells are the smallest, most basic unit of life. Different types of cells are specialized to do different jobs in different parts of the body, and in different organisms. ! 2. Tissue! A tissue is a group of many of the same type of cells that work together to perform a specific function. ! #& !"#!"$%& 2. Tissue! Ex: Muscle tissue is made up of many muscle cells! 3. Organ! Ex: Every muscle in the human body is considered an organ: ! 3. Organ! An organ is made up of groups of tissues " working together to perform a specific function. ! 4. Organ System! An Organ System is a group of multiple organs, working together to perform a specific function. ! '& !"#!"$%& 4. Organ System! Ex.1:The muscular system’s main functions is movement of the body. ! 4. Organ System! Ex.3: The respiratory system supplies the body with Oxygen and removes Carbon Dioxide! 4. Organ System! Ex.2: The digestive system supplies the body with nutrients! 4. Organ System! Ex.4: The circulatory system supplies body tissues with blood (moving nutrients/ waste)! (& !"#!"$%& 5. Organism! An organism is any individual form of life; a plant, animal, fungus, bacteria, or protist.! A. Unicellular organism: made up of one cell! II. Interacting Systems! II. Interacting Systems: How body systems work together! A. No single system can perform all functions needed to keep an organism alive. ! ! Example: Paramecium! B. Multicellular organism: made up of many cells! ! Example: Gorilla! II. Interacting Systems! Ex: The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, and the circulatory system delivers those nutrients to the cells/tissues of the body. ! II. Interacting Systems! Ex: The respiratory system absorbs O2 (oxygen) and releases CO2 (carbon dioxide), while the circulatory system transports O2 and CO2 to the cells/tissues of the body. ! B. Body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.! %& !"#!"$%& III. Homeostasis! Homeostasis: Maintaining the body’s internal conditions (keeping them the same) ! Ex: Oxygen level, nutrient supply, removing waste, hydration level, temperature, etc.! A. Even when external conditions change, the body’s internal conditions stay the same.! III. Homeostasis! B. All systems of the body contribute toward maintaining homeostasis.! C. If the body’s internal " conditions " change greatly, illness may result.! III. Homeostasis! D. Two main mechanisms of the body: ! 1) Positive Feedback amplifies a change in the same direction! Ex: Contractions during childbirth release a hormone that increases the strength and frequency of those same contractions.! III. Homeostasis! Positive Feedback! )& !"#!"$%& III. Homeostasis! 2) Negative Feedback causes a change in the opposite direction to maintain constant conditions! III. Homeostasis! Negative Feedback! Ex.1: Consistent blood pressure is " controlled by components of the circulatory system; the heart and arteries.! III. Homeostasis! Ex.2: Body temperature is regulated by multiple body systems.! • Blood vessels in the skin relax and sweat glands perspire to cool down the body when it is too hot.! III. Homeostasis! • Skeletal muscle and blood vessels contract to heat up the body when it is too cold.! *& !"#!"$%& Ex.3: Consistent blood sugar levels are controlled by the pancreas & liver ! • The pancreas releases insulin when there is too much sugar in the blood which stimulates the liver to remove the extra sugar! • The pancreas releases glucagon when there is not enough sugar in the blood which signals the liver to release glucose back into the blood! III. Homeostasis! Learning Goals! 1. Describe and sequence the 5 levels of biological organization. ! 2. What must happen in the body to maintain homeostasis? Give an example of this.! 3. Describe the outcome of the two types of feedback, and give an example for each.! +&