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Social Change Key Terms Handout Alterative Social Movement| a type of social movement that seeks limited change in specific individuals; sometimes referred to as Alternative Social Movement Civic Dialogue| dialogue in which people explore matters of civic importance and consider the dimensions of a civic or social issue, policy, or decisions of consequence to their lives, communities, and society Civic Engagement| the many ways in which people participate in civic, community, and political life and, by doing so, express their engaged citizenship Claims Making| the process undertaken by a social movement to persuade the public and officials of the importance of joining the social movement in order to address a particular issue Class-Society Theory| theory proposing that the global rise of capitalism has resulted in structuralized social inequality Collective Behavior| activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and sometimes dangerous Collectivity| a large number of people whose minimal interaction occurs in the absence of welldefined and conventional norms Community Building| the process of building relationships that helps to cohere community members around common purpose, identity, and a sense of belonging which may lead to social or community capital Community Development| the development of a community where the economic, social, and physical dimensions of community are considered Contagion Theory| theory explaining crowd behavior that sees crowds as anonymous, suggestible, and swayed by rising emotions; Gustave Le Bon Convergence Theory| theory explaining crowd behavior that suggests the behavior is based on the desires the people brought with them as they formed the crowd Crowd| a large number of persons gathered closely together temporarily Crowd Behavior| collective behavior among people located within close proximity of each other Cultural Diffusion| the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point Cultural Lag| the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system Culture (Social Movement) Theory| a theory that explains the advent of a social movement due to the motivation of people using money, resources and cultural symbols Demographic Transition Theory| a theory that connects demography with a society’s level of technological development and argues that technological advances slow population growth Demography| the study of population patterns using fertility, mortality, migration, population growth and population composition Deprivation Theory| a theory that explains the advent of a social movement due to people feeling deprived of something Dispersed Collectivity| a collectivity characterized by members who are not in one another’s physical proximity but have an impact on one another’s behavior; mass behavior such as rumor, gossip, public opinion, propaganda, fashions, fads, panic, mass hysteria, and disaster response Emergent-Norm Theory| theory explaining crowd behavior that posits crowds develop their own behavior as events unfold; Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian Equilibrium Theory| social change theory that argues changes in one aspect of society require adjustments in other aspects and when these adjustments do not occur, equilibrium disappears, threatening social order; Talcott Parsons (Structural-Functional Perspective) Ferdinand Tönnies| (1885-1936) a German sociologist best known for his theories on Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft that compared mindsets of rural villages and modern cities Gemeinschaft| preindustrial society based on kinship, tradition and close social ties; Ferdinand Tönnies Gerhard Lenski| (1924- ) an American sociologist noted for studying social inequality and developing the Theory of Sociocultural Evolution but also known for the Multilinear Evolutionary Theory Gesellschaft| industrial society characterized by weak family ties, competition and impersonal social relationships; Ferdinand Tönnies Globalization| the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Gossip| idle talk or rumor, especially about the personal or private affairs of others Group| people who interact with one another and think of themselves as belonging together Gustave Le Bon| (1841-1931) a French sociologist best known for his studies on crowds and the Contagion Theory Herbert Spencer| (1820-1903) an English sociologist best known for coining the phrase “survival of the fittest” in 1864 upon reading Charles Darwin’s work on evolution; a StructuralFunctionalist who compared people within a society to the parts of a human body in that all were necessary to work properly; with regards to Social Change, Spencer helped develop the Unilinear Evolutionary Theory Localized Collectivity| a collectivity characterized by members within a close proximity to each other; crowds, riots, mobs Mass Behavior| collective behavior among people spread over a wide geographic area Mass Hysteria| a form of dispersed collective behavior in which people react to a real or imagined event with irrational and even frantic fear; also known as moral panic Mass Society| a society in which wealth and government have weakened traditional social ties Mass-Society (Social Movement) Theory| a theory that explains the advent of a social movement due to socially isolated people uniting for a sense of identity and purpose; William Kornhauser Mass-Society (Modernity) Theory| theory proposing the growth of government and other formal organizations in certain traditional areas (such as welfare) has reduced the importance of family and community and created a mass society; Structural-Functionalist Perspective Mechanical Solidarity| a type of social unity achieved by people doing the same type of work and holding similar values; Émile Durkheim Mob| a disorderly, riotous, or lawless crowd of people Modernity| social patterns resulting from industrialization Modernization| the process of social change derived from industrialization Multilinear Evolutionary Theory| a Social Change theory that argues change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead all societies in the same direction; Gerhard Lenski (Theory of Sociocultural Evolution) Neil Smelser| (1930- ) an American sociologist who focused on collective behavior and social change and is noted for identifying six factors in the development of a social movement; Value Added Theory New Social Movements Theory| a theory that explains that social movements in postindustrial societies are typically international in scope and focus on quality-of-life issues by improving social and physical environments rather than economic ones Organic Solidarity| a type of social unity in which society’s members’ interdependence is based on specialized functions and statuses; Émile Durkheim Other-Directedness| willingness to remain open to new ideas and fashions, often expressed by imitating others Panic| a sudden overwhelming fear that produces hysterical or irrational behavior, and that often spreads quickly through a group of persons Postmodernity| social patterns of postindustrial societies Propaganda| information or ideas methodically spread to promote or injure a cause, group, nation, etc. Public Opinion| widespread attitudes about controversial issues Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian| American sociologists who developed the Emergent Norm Theory in 1957 to explain collective behavior in the form of crowds Redemptive Social Movement| a type of social movement that seeks radical change in specific individuals Reformative Social Movement| a type of social movement that seeks limited change in the whole society Relative Deprivation| a perceived disadvantage brought forth by making comparisons Resource-Mobilization Theory| a theory that links the success of a social movement to its access to money, labor and mass media Revolutionary Social Movement| a type of social movement that seeks radical change in the whole society Riot| a noisy, violent public disorder caused by a group or crowd of persons Rumor| a story or statement in general circulation without confirmation or certainty as to facts Social Activism| refers to action to make change that ensures inclusion, equity, fairness, and justice Social Capital| the collective value of all “social networks” (who people know) and the inclinations to do things for each other that arise from these networks (“norms of reciprocity”) Social Change| the transformation of culture and social institutions over a period of time; causes are usually identified within the realms of culture, social conflict, ideas, demographic factors Social Institutions| the major spheres of social life, or social subsystems, organized to meet human needs; examples include family, education, religion, government, economy, health and welfare (the social subsystems found within all societies) Social Movement| an organized collective behavior that encourages or discourages social change Social Structure| stable patterns of social relationships in a group (part of social structure is the status a person has within a society and the role that is performed as part of that status) Talcott Parsons| (1902-1979) an American sociologist known for his studies on social action; equilibrium theory Technological Determinism| social change theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values, in Ogburn’s hands, it identified four stages of technical development: invention, accumulation, diffusion, adjustment; William F. Ogburn Tradition-Directedness| inflexible following of traditions Unilinear Evolutionary Theory| social change theory that claims all societies pass through the same sequence of stages of evolution to reach the same destiny; Herbert Spencer (StructuralFunctional Perspective) Value Added Theory| a theory that explains the development of a social movement using six factors (structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of explanation, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, lack of social control) and identifies which of these factors encourages the formation of mobs or riots versus which of these factors encourages highly organized movements; also known as Structural Strain or Social Strain Theory; Neil Smelser William Fielding Ogburn| (1886-1959) an American sociologist best known for his idea of “cultural lag” and expanding the Technological Determinism to identify four stages of technical development within a society: invention, accumulation, diffusion, adjustment