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Middle East & North Africa May 13, 2010 GEOG 1982 Lecture Outline • Islam – History & Facts – Distribution – Veiling – Political Islam • Middle East – 20th century history – Arab Israeli Conflict • Northern Africa 1 History of Islam • Founded by the prophet Muhammad in 622 • Islam is understood as an outgrowth of Judaism and Christianity (the 3 have a similar early history) • Islam was dispersed – by Islamic empires 630-750c.e. – by armies and traders 750-1700c.e. – to southeast Asia 1200-1600c.e. • Rules of conduct shaped country laws 2 Facts of Islam (p.175-6) • Holy book: Qur’an (Koran) • 5 pillars of Islamic practice: One God, Daily prayer, Ramadan fast, Zakat (almsgiving), Hajj (pilgrimage) • Islamic religious law: shari‘a • Sunni Muslims (85%) • Shi‘a (Shi‘ite) Muslims (Iran, Iraq, Lebanon) • Extremely Diverse!!!! More Facts of Islam • No religious hierarchy or central administration • Wide variety of interpretations • Historically tolerant of other religions • seclusion and veiling of women predate Islam • Population of adherents: about 1 billion 3 Cartogram http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/1.png Distribution of Islamic Population 30% of Islamic people live in the Middle East & N. Africa http://www.worldmapper.org/display_religion.php?selected=564 4 Veiling Seclusion in public space Anonymity & privacy Symbol of devout Muslim women Fashion Feminist choice? http://www.bbc.co.uk/spanish/specials/1840_veloislam/page4.shtml 5 Hijab Shop, Party Wear: http://www.thehijabshop.com/showcase.php?secCat=party_wear Sports Jilbab: http://www.thehijabshop.com/jilbabs/index.php?pcode=JILSR-JSCA01 Political Islam • Religious leaders’ attempt to gain political power – E.g. Iran 1979 secular (authoritarian) government overthrown by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • Sometimes associated with Islamic Fundamentalism • Sometimes peaceful, popular movements • Often suppressed, causing violent response • Islamic fundamentalism rejects Western modernization and secularization (p.176) 6 7 • Tehran and Istanbul both have populations near 13 million and are in high risk earthquake areas Middle East: 20th Century History • The Ottoman empire fell to the Allies & was divided up between France and Britain post-WWI (except Turkey as mandates (neither colony nor independent state) • Bedouin tribes consolidated under Sheik Ibn Saud in 1932 – later became Saudi Arabia • European & U.S. oil companies worked with local elites – British oil exploration in the area began in 1906 – U.S. oil prospectors worked with Saudi Arabia in the 1930s • Oil played a role in WWII 8 Arab-Israeli Conflict • Balfour Declaration of 1917 – British intention to create a Jewish national homeland in Palestine • 1947 the state of Israel was created – Zionists – Balfour Declaration - British support for Jewish national home in SW Asia – Partition • 1949 Israel’s, Jordan’s, Egypt’s expansion • Expansion of Israel – 1967 Six Day War – 1973 Yom Kippur War – Settlements 9 Peace Process • • • • UN resolution 242 (land for peace) 1979 Camp David Accords 1991 Madrid Peace Talks 1993 Oslo Accords: Palestinian Authority gains some autonomy in West Bank, Gaza Strip • 2000 Camp David Accords • 2002-3 Road Map for Peace Current Politics in Israel-Palestine • Fatah – party created by Yasser Arafat • HAMAS – Islamic Resistance Movement – Won Jan. 2006 elections in Palestinian parliament http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=33e167de3b2da40095a552503ea2600d3faa3121 – Labeled a terrorist organization by U.S. • Gaza Strip – high levels violence • West Bank – water conflicts of access 10 Turkey Selimaye Mosque Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Kurdish people (p.186) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRsw5s28jxY&feature=PlayList&p=B9F130F53C8869ED&index=5 11 Northeast Africa (The Nile) • Nile River, Lake Nasser • Aswan High Dam (1970) • Sudan – desert north, Muslim (Khartoum) – steppe middle, (SW) Darfur, Arab-speaking Muslim – swampy south, Christian & indigenous • 1983 Muslim law enforced in Sudan, civil wars – – South 1983 – Darfur 2003 http://www.savedarfur.org/ Northwest Africa (The Maghreb) • Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara – Atlas Mountains (trigger rainfall on coast) – Sahara Desert (south) • Algeria: – 1962 Independence – 1990s Structural adjustment programs – 1990s Civil war – targeted media, women – 1997 Moderate Islam party won election • Oil: Algeria & Libya supply ¼ of EU’s oil 12 Lebanon • Civil War 1975-1990 • Sunni – in power (backed by Saudi Arabia, U.S.) • Hezbollah party (Shiite, majority, urban; backed by Iran, Syria) – http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=212bda60629f25502e1c27f7715bb6e667f67278 • 2006 War between Israel & Hezbollah (1 month) • • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZOrwhB6I9o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3fiu8MqQQQ&feature=related • 2008 Hezbollah invades western Beirut for share of governmental power Review • • • • Basic history and facts of Islam What is political Islam & how does it differ from “Islam”? Major mountains’ locations Rough timeline for Arab-Israeli conflict & meaning of “1967 boundaries” Terms from the text • Balfour Declaration • Informal economy • Internally displaced person • Intifada • Islam • Jihad • Mandate • Nationalist movement • Oasis • zionism 13