Download SPW Chapter 4 PPT

Table of Contents
Chapter: The Laws of Motion
Section 1: Newton’s Second Law
Section 2: Gravity
Section 3: The Third Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law
1
Force, Mass, and Acceleration
•  Newton’s first law of motion states that the
motion of an object changes only if an
unbalanced force acts on the object.
•  Newton’s second law of motion describes
how the forces exerted on an object, its mass,
and its acceleration are related.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Force and Acceleration
•  What’s different
about throwing a ball
horizontally as hard
as you can and
tossing it gently?
•  When you throw
hard, you exert a
much greater force
on the ball.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Force and Acceleration
•  The hard-thrown
ball has a greater
change in velocity,
and the change
occurs over a
shorter period of
time.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Force and Acceleration
•  Recall that acceleration is the change in
velocity divided by the time it takes for the
change to occur.
•  So, a hard-thrown ball has a greater
acceleration than a gently thrown ball.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Mass and Acceleration
•  If you throw a softball
and a baseball as hard
as you can, why don’t
they have the same
speed?
•  The difference is due
to their masses.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Mass and Acceleration
•  If it takes the same amount of time to
throw both balls, the softball would
have less acceleration.
•  The acceleration of an object depends on
its mass as well as the force exerted on it.
•  Force, mass, and acceleration are related.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Newton’s Second Law
•  Newton’s second law of motion states that
the acceleration of an object is in the same
direction as the net force on the object, and
that the acceleration can be calculated from
the following equation:
Newton’s Second Law
1
Calculating Net Force with the
Second Law
•  Newton’s second law also can be used to
calculate the net force if mass and
acceleration are known.
•  To do this, the equation for Newton’s second
law must be solved for the net force, F.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Calculating Net Force with the
Second Law
•  To solve for the net force, multiply both sides
of the equation by the mass:
•  The mass, m, on the left side cancels, giving
the equation:
Newton’s Second Law
1
Friction
•  Suppose you give a skateboard a push with
your hand.
•  According to Newton’s first law of
motion, if the net force acting on a moving
object is zero, it will continue to move in a
straight line with constant speed.
•  Does the skateboard keep moving with
constant speed after it leaves your hand?
Newton’s Second Law
1
Friction
•  Recall that when an object slows down it is
accelerating.
•  By Newton’s second law, if the skateboard is
accelerating, there must be a net force acting
on it.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Friction
•  The force that slows the skateboard and
brings it to a stop is friction.
•  Friction is the force that opposes the sliding
motion of two surfaces that are touching each
other.
•  The amount of friction between two surfaces
depends on two factors⎯the kinds of
surfaces and the force pressing the surfaces
together.
Newton’s Second Law
1
What causes friction?
•  If two surfaces are in contact, welding or
sticking occurs where the bumps touch each
other.
•  These microwelds are the source of friction.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Sticking Together
•  The larger the force pushing the two surfaces
together is, the stronger these microwelds
will be, because more of the surface bumps
will come into contact.
•  To move one
surface over the
other, a force
must be applied
to break the
microwelds.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Static Friction
•  Suppose you have filled a cardboard box with
books and want to move it.
•  It’s too heavy to lift,
so you start pushing
on it, but it doesn’t
budge.
•  If the box doesn’t
move, then it has
zero acceleration.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Static Friction
•  According to Newton’s second law, if the
acceleration is zero, then the net force on the
box is zero.
•  Another force that cancels your push must be
acting on the box.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Static Friction
•  That force is the friction due to the microwelds
that have formed between the bottom of the
box and the floor.
•  Static friction is
the frictional force
that prevents two
surfaces from
sliding past each
other.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Sliding Friction
•  You ask a friend to help you move the box.
•  Pushing together, the
box moves. Together
you and your friend
have exerted enough
force to break the
microwelds between
the floor and the
bottom of the box.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Sliding Friction
•  If you stop pushing, the box quickly comes to
a stop.
•  This is because as the box slides across the
floor, another force—sliding friction—
opposes the motion of the box.
•  Sliding friction is the force that opposes the
motion of two surfaces sliding past each
other.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Rolling Friction
•  As a wheel rolls over a surface, the wheel
digs into the surface, causing both the wheel
and the surface to be deformed.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Rolling Friction
•  Static friction acts over the deformed area
where the wheel and surface are in contact,
producing a frictional force called rolling
fiction.
•  Rolling friction is the frictional force between
a rolling object and the surface it rolls on.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Air Resistance
•  When an object falls toward Earth, it is
pulled downward by the force of gravity.
•  However, a friction-like force called air
resistance opposes the motion of objects
that move through the air.
•  Air resistance causes objects to fall with
different accelerations and different speeds.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Air Resistance
•  Air resistance acts in the opposite direction
to the motion of an object through air.
•  If the object is falling downward, air
resistance acts upward on the object.
•  The size of the air resistance force also
depends on the size and shape of an object.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Air Resistance
•  The amount of air resistance on an object
depends on the speed, size, and shape of
the object.
•  Air resistance, not
the object’s mass, is
why feathers, leaves,
and pieces of paper
fall more slowly
than pennies, acorns,
and apples.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Terminal Velocity
•  As an object falls, the downward force of
gravity causes the object to accelerate.
•  However, as an object
falls faster, the upward
force of air resistance
increases.
•  This causes the net
force on a sky diver to
decrease as the sky
diver falls.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Terminal Velocity
•  Finally, the upward air resistance force
becomes large enough to balance the
downward force of gravity.
•  This means the net force on the object is
zero.
•  Then the acceleration of the object is also
zero, and the object falls with a constant
speed called the terminal velocity.
Newton’s Second Law
1
Terminal Velocity
•  The terminal velocity is the highest speed
a falling object will reach.
•  The terminal velocity depends on the size,
shape, and mass of a falling object.
Section Check
1
Question 1
Newton’s second law of motion states that
_________ of an object is in the same
direction as the net force on the object.
A.
B.
C.
D.
acceleration
momentum
speed
velocity
Section Check
1
Answer
The answer is A. Acceleration can be calculated
by dividing the net force in newtons by the mass
in kilograms.
Section Check
1
Question 2
The unit of force is __________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
joule
lux
newton
watt
Section Check
1
Answer
The answer is C. One newton = 1 kg · m/s2
Section Check
1
Question 3
What causes friction?
Answer
Friction results from the sticking together of two
surfaces that are in contact.
Gravity
2
What is gravity?
•  Gravity is an attractive force between any
two objects that depends on the masses of the
objects and the distance between them.
Gravity
2
Gravity-A Basic Force
•  Gravity is one of the four basic forces.
•  The other basic forces are the
electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear
force, and the weak nuclear force.
Gravity
2
The Law of Universal Gravitation
•  Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal
gravitation, which he published in 1687.
•  This law can be written as the following
equation.
Gravity
2
The Law of Universal Gravitation
•  In this equation G is a constant called the
universal gravitational constant, and d is the
distance between the two masses, m1 and m2.
•  The law of universal gravitation enables the
force of gravity to be calculated between any
two objects if their masses and the distance
between them is known.
Gravity
2
The Range of Gravity
•  According to the law of universal gravitation,
the gravitational force between two masses
decreases rapidly as the distance between the
masses increases.
Gravity
2
The Range of Gravity
•  No matter how far apart two objects are, the
gravitational force between them never
completely goes to zero.
•  Because the gravitational force between two
objects never disappears, gravity is called a
long-range force.
Gravity
2
Finding Other Planets
•  In the 1840s the most distant planet known
was Uranus.
•  The motion of Uranus calculated from the
law of universal gravitation disagreed
slightly with its observed motion.
•  Some astronomers suggested that there
must be an undiscovered planet affecting
the motion of Uranus.
Gravity
2
Finding Other Planets
•  Using the law of universal gravitation and
Newton’s laws of motion, two astronomers
independently calculated the orbit of this
planet.
•  As a result of these
calculations, the
planet Neptune was
found in 1846.
Gravity
2
Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration
•  When all forces except gravity acting on a
falling object can be ignored, the object is
said to be in free fall.
•  Close to Earth’s surface, the acceleration of a
2
falling object in free fall is about 9.8 m/s .
•  This acceleration is given the symbol g and is
sometimes called the acceleration of gravity.
Gravity
2
Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration
•  Close to Earth’s surface, the acceleration of a
2
falling object in free fall is about 9.8 m/s .
•  This acceleration is given the symbol g and is
sometimes called the acceleration of gravity.
•  By Newton’s second law of motion, the force
of Earth’s gravity on a falling object is the
object’s mass times the acceleration of
gravity.
Gravity
2
Weight
•  The gravitational force exerted on an object
is called the object’s weight.
•  Because the weight of an object on Earth is
equal to the force of Earth’s gravity on the
object, weight can be calculated from this
equation:
Gravity
2
Weight and Mass
•  Weight and mass are not the same.
•  Weight is a force and mass is a measure of
the amount of matter an object contains.
•  Weight and mass are related. Weight
increases as mass increases.
Gravity
2
Weight and Mass
•  The weight of an object usually is the
gravitational force between the object
and Earth.
•  The weight of an object can change,
depending on the gravitational force
on the object.
Gravity
2
Weight and Mass
•  The table shows how various weights on
Earth would be different on the Moon and
some of the planets.
Gravity
2
Weightlessness and Free Fall
•  You’ve probably seen pictures of astronauts
and equipment floating inside the space
shuttle.
•  They are said to be experiencing the
sensation of weightlessness.
Gravity
2
Weightlessness and Free Fall
•  However, for a typical mission, the shuttle
orbits Earth at an altitude of about 400 km.
•  According to the law of universal gravitation,
at 400-km altitude the force of Earth’s
gravity is about 90 percent as strong as it is at
Earth’s surface.
•  So an astronaut with a mass of 80 kg still
would weigh about 700 N in orbit, compared
with a weight of about 780 N at Earth’s
surface.
Gravity
2
Floating in Space
•  So what does it mean to say that something
is weightless in orbit?
•  When you stand on a
scale you are at rest and
the net force on you is
zero.
•  The scale supports you
and balances your
weight by exerting an
upward force.
Gravity
2
Floating in Space
•  The dial on the scale shows the upward force
exerted by the scale, which is your weight.
•  Now suppose you
stand on the scale
in an elevator that
is falling.
Gravity
2
Floating in Space
•  If you and the scale were in free fall, then you
no longer would push down on the scale at all.
•  The scale dial
would say you
have zero weight,
even though the
force of gravity on
you hasn’t
changed.
Gravity
2
Floating in Space
•  A space shuttle in orbit is in free fall, but it
is falling around Earth, rather than straight
downward.
•  Everything in the orbiting space shuttle is
falling around Earth at the same rate, in the
same way you and the scale were falling in
the elevator.
•  Objects in the shuttle seem to be floating
because they are all falling with the same
acceleration.
Gravity
2
Projectile Motion
•  If you’ve tossed a ball to someone, you’ve
probably noticed that thrown objects don’t
always travel in straight lines. They curve
downward.
•  Earth’s gravity causes projectiles to follow
a curved path.
Gravity
2
Horizontal and Vertical Motions
•  When you throw a ball, the force exerted by
your hand pushes the ball forward.
•  This force gives the ball horizontal motion.
•  No force accelerates
it forward, so its
horizontal velocity is
constant, if you
ignore air resistance.
Gravity
2
Horizontal and Vertical Motions
•  However, when you let go of the ball, gravity
can pull it downward, giving it vertical
motion.
•  The ball has constant horizontal velocity but
increasing vertical velocity.
Gravity
2
Horizontal and Vertical Motions
•  Gravity exerts an unbalanced force on the
ball, changing the direction of its path from
only forward to forward and downward.
•  The result of these two motions is that the
ball appears to travel in a curve.
Gravity
2
Horizontal and Vertical Distance
•  If you were to throw a
ball as hard as you
could from shoulder
height in a perfectly
horizontal direction,
would it take longer to
reach the ground than
if you dropped a ball
from the same height?
Click image to view movie
Gravity
2
Horizontal and Vertical Distance
•  Surprisingly, it wouldn’t.
•  Both balls travel the same vertical distance
in the same amount of time.
Gravity
2
Centripetal Force
•  When a ball enters a curve, even if its speed
does not change, it is accelerating because its
direction is changing.
•  When a ball goes around a curve, the change
in the direction of the velocity is toward the
center of the curve.
Gravity
2
Centripetal Force
•  Acceleration
toward the
center of a
curved or
circular path
is called
centripetal
acceleration.
Gravity
2
Centripetal Force
•  According to the second law of motion, when
a ball has centripetal acceleration, the
direction of the net force on the ball also
must be toward the center of the curved path.
•  The net force exerted toward the center of a
curved path is called a centripetal force.
Gravity
2
Centripetal Force and Traction
•  When a car rounds a curve on a highway, a
centripetal force must be acting on the car to
keep it moving in a curved path.
•  This centripetal force is the frictional force,
or the traction, between the tires and the
road surface.
Gravity
2
Centripetal Force and Traction
•  Anything that moves in a circle is doing so
because a centripetal force is accelerating it
toward the center.
Gravity
2
Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force
•  Imagine whirling an object tied to a string
above your head.
•  The string exerts a centripetal force on the
object that keeps it moving in a circular path.
Gravity
2
Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force
•  In the same way, Earth’s gravity exerts a
centripetal force on the Moon that keeps it
moving in a nearly circular orbit.
Section Check
2
Question 1
Gravity is an attractive force between any
two objects and depends on __________.
Answer
Gravity is an attractive force between any two
objects and depends on the masses of the objects
and the distance between them.
Section Check
2
Question 2
Which is NOT one of the four basic forces?
A.
B.
C.
D.
gravity
net
strong nuclear
weak nuclear
Section Check
2
Answer
The answer is B. The fourth basic force is the
electromagnetic force, which causes electricity,
magnetism, and chemical interactions between
atoms and molecules.
Section Check
2
Question 3
Which of the following equations represents
the law of universal gravitation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
F = G(m1m2/d2)
G = F(m1m2/d2)
F = G(m1 - m2/d2)
F = G(d2/m1m2)
Section Check
2
Answer
The answer is A. In the equation, G is the
universal gravitational constant and d is the
distance between the two masses, m1 and m2.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Newton’s Third Law
•  Newton’s third law of motion describes
action-reaction pairs this way. When one
object exerts a force on a second object,
the second one exerts a force on the first
that is equal in strength and opposite in
direction.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Action and Reaction
•  When a force is applied in nature, a reaction
force occurs at the same time.
•  When you jump on a trampoline, for
example, you exert a downward force on
the trampoline.
•  Simultaneously, the trampoline exerts an
equal force upward, sending you high into
the air.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Action and Reaction Forces Don’t
Cancel
•  According to the third law of motion, action
and reaction forces act on different objects.
•  Thus, even though the forces are equal, they
are not balanced because they act on different
objects.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Action and Reaction Forces Don’t
Cancel
•  For example, a swimmer “acts” on the water,
the “reaction” of the water pushes the
swimmer forward.
•  Thus, a net force,
or unbalanced
force, acts on the
swimmer so a
change in his or her
motion occurs.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Rocket Propulsion
•  In a rocket engine, burning fuel produces
hot gases. The rocket engine exerts a force
on these gases and causes them to escape
out the back of the rocket.
•  By Newton’s third law,
the gases exert a force
on the rocket and push
it forward.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Momentum
•  A moving object has a property called
momentum that is related to how much force
is needed to change its motion.
•  The momentum of an object is the product
of its mass and velocity.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Momentum
•  Momentum is given the symbol p and can
be calculated with the following equation:
•  The unit for momentum is kg · m/s. Notice
that momentum has a direction because
velocity has a direction.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Force and Changing Momentum
•  Recall that acceleration is the difference
between the initial and final velocity,
divided by the time.
•  Also, from Newton’s second law, the net
force on an object equals its mass times
its acceleration.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Force and Changing Momentum
•  By combining these two relationships,
Newton’s second law can be written in this
way:
•  In this equation mvf is the final momentum
and mvi is the initial momentum.
The Third Law of Motion
3
Law of Conservation of Momentum
•  The momentum of an object doesn’t change
unless its mass, velocity, or both change.
•  Momentum, however, can be transferred
from one object to another.
•  The law of conservation of momentum states
that if a group of objects exerts forces only
on each other, their total momentum doesn’t
change.
The Third Law of Motion
3
When Objects Collide
•  The results of a collision depend on the
momentum of each object.
•  When the first puck
hits the second puck
from behind, it gives
the second puck
momentum in the
same direction.
The Third Law of Motion
3
When Objects Collide
•  If the pucks are speeding toward each other
with the same speed, the total momentum is
zero.
Section Check
3
Question 1
According to Newton’s third law of motion,
what happens when one object exerts a force
on a second object?
Answer
According to Newton’s law, the second object
exerts a force on the first that is equal in
strength and opposite in direction.
Section Check
3
Question 2
The momentum of an object is the product
of its __________ and __________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
mass, acceleration
mass, velocity
mass, weight
net force, velocity
Section Check
3
Answer
The correct answer is B. An object’s momentum
is the product of its mass and velocity, and is
given the symbol p.
Section Check
3
Question 3
When two objects collide, what happens to
their momentum?
Section Check
3
Answer
According to the law of conservation of
momentum, if the objects in a collision exert
forces only on each other, their total momentum
doesn’t change, even when momentum is
transferred from one object to another.
Help
To advance to the next item or next page click on any
of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or
forward arrow.
Click on this icon to return to the table of contents.
Click on this icon to return to the previous slide.
Click on this icon to move to the next slide.
Click on this icon to open the resources file.
Click on this icon to go to the end of the presentation.
End of Chapter Summary File