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Architectural Pattern of an animal Chapter 9 What is an animal? Levels of organization and organismal complexity • 5 major levels of complexity • Unicellular • Metazoan? • Tissue • Organ • Organ systems Levels of organization and organismal complexity • Protoplasmic – Found in unicellular organisms – Life functions are confined to a single cell – Contains organelles with specific functions • Cellular – Cell aggregations with functional differentiations – Division of labor; nutrition, reproduction – Not yet tissues! – Ex. volvox Protoplasmic • Euglena • Paramecium Levels of organization and organismal complexity • Cell-tissue – Similar cells are found in layers – sponges/ jellyfish – Contains organelles with specific functions – Ex. Cnidarian nerve net ( functions in coordination) • Tissue-organ – More than one tissue type working together to have a more specialized function – Flatworms – Ex. Eyespots/ reproductive system Cell-tissue Jelly fish Sponges Tissue-organ Three Basic Tissues ectoderm mesoderm endoderm muscle layers mesoderm epidermis ectoderm ciliated epidermis ectoderm parenchyma mesoderm pharynx nerve cord ectoderm gut endoderm Levels of organization and organismal complexity • Organ-system – Organs work together to perform some function – Organ systems – Ex circulation, respiration – Most animal phyla Organ Systems of an Earthworm Organ system Organ system pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs Animal tissue types • What is a tissue? • A cooperative unit of many very similar cells that perform a specific function. • Examples – – – – Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Epithelial tissue • Covers and lines the body and its parts • One surface free, the other bound to basement membrane • Tissues are named by – Shape of cells – Number of layers of cells Epithelial tissue Hickman Fig 9.3 • • • • • Simple= single layer Stratified = multiple layers Squamous = flat (tiles) Cuboudal = like dice Columnar = like bricks Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal In the kidney tubules Hickman Fig 9.4 Lines the lungs Stratified Squamous Epithelium Hickman Fig 9.4 Lines the esophagus Ciliated columnar epithelium Hickman Fig 9.5 Lines the air ways in the respiratory system Connective tissue • Binds other tissues an provides support matrices • Few cells in a nonliving matrix (ground substance) • Three fiber types – Collagen fibers – Elastic fibers – Reticular fibers • Fibroblasts - cells that produce connective tissue Loose connective tissue (Areolar) Campbell Fig 20.5A Holds other tissue in place A “binding” material Other Connective tissues Hickman Fig 9.6 Loose Fibrous connective Adipose Cartilage Blood Bone Bone Tissue • Osteocytes • Haversian canal • Lamelle (matrix) Campbell Fig 20.5D Bone Development Muscle tissue • Functions in movement • Bundles of long cells ( muscle fiber= muscle cell) • Skeletal muscle – Attached to bones by tendons, produces voluntary movement – Striated unbranched • Smooth muscle – Found in walls of digestive tract, produces involuntary movements – Unstriated, spindle shaped • Cardiac Muscle – Striated , branched, produces heartbeat Muscle tissue Campbell 20.6 Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Nervous Tissue • Responsible for coordinating body activties • Neurons are nerve cells • Motor neurons are nerves that activate muscles • Compsed of cell body and dendrites • Supported by glial cells Hickman Fig 9.8 Nervous Tissue Hickman Fig 9.8 Types of animal symmetry • Radial • Bilateral • Apparent bilateral Apparent Radial Symmetry compare Hickman Fig. 9-10 like spokes of a wheel sea star Bilateral symmetry • cephalized – sensory organs concentrated in head • body directions: Radial symmetry • Radial symmetry– Mirror images around a central axis – Figure 9.10 Body Cavities • Groupings according to presence or type of body cavity • Coelom - major innovation in bilaterally symmetric animals • Tube within a tube arrangement Body Cavities • Advantages • Flexibility for crawling and burrowing • Independent growth of organs from the body wall • Cushioning • Skeletal function • Circulation of nutrients and wastes acoelomate pseudocoelomate (muscles, not peritoneum) eucoelomate peritoneum Eucoelomate Body Design compare Hickman Fig. 9.12 and 9.13 ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Coelom: fluid-filled cavity between gut and body wall that is lined with mesodermal cells (peritoneum). Most animals have a body cavity • Solid, no body cavity except for gastro vascular cavity flatworms, cnidaria • Pseudocoelomate- internal space in contact with digestive tract, roundworms • True coelom - internal space lined by tissue - all other animals Metamerism/Segmentation Hickman Fig 9.14 Metamerism/Segmentation • Serial repetition of similar body segments • Each segment is called a metamere or somite • True metamerism is found in Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata Metameres in Polychaeta metamere = segment, or repeating body unit Arthropod Tagmata tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is “tagma” 3 basic tagmata in all arthropods: • head, thorax, abdomen – head + thorax = cephalothorax – thorax + abdomen = trunk Segmentation and Anatomy Metameres of an insect 9 - 12 3 6 Summary Pop quiz • What are the 3 types of body cavity organization mentioned in chapter 9? • List the 4 basic animal tissue types.
