Download Name: Block_____ Unit 8: Genetics Unit Learning Targets

Name: _______________________
Block_____
Unit 8: Genetics
Unit Learning Targets (L.T.):
Genotype & Phenotype Relationships
1. I can explain how phenotype and genotype are related.
2. I can explain how DNA and proteins relate to genetics.
Mendel’s Laws of Genetics
3. I can summarize and apply Mendel’s law of dominance.
4. I can summarize Mendel’s law of segregation and state when segregation occurs
during meiosis.
5. I can summarize Mendel’s law of independent assortment and state when
independent assortment occurs in meiosis.
Mendel’s Laws & Punnett Squares
6. I can use Punnett squares to perform monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
7. I can calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios from Punnett squares.
8. I can determine the genotype of a dominant organism of unknown parentage using a
test cross.
Punnet Squares & Probability
9. I can explain why half of my DNA comes from each parent.
10. I can use the laws of probability to predict if offspring will be homozygous or
heterozygous.
Beyond Mendelian Genetics
11. I can state why linked genes and sex-linked genes don’t follow Mendel’s laws.
12. I can use a Punnett Square to determine genotypes and phenotypes of traits
following other inheritance patterns
13. I can explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Pedigrees & Probability
14. I can analyze a pedigree and determine which inheritance pattern it shows:
autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked dominant, or sex-linked
recessive.
15. I can use a pedigree to determine the phenotypes and genotypes of individuals in
the pedigree.
16. I can use a pedigree to determine the probability of genotypes and phenotypes of
individuals in the pedigree.
Summary
17. I can explain how segregation and probability determine which alleles will be in a
gamete.
18. I can explain how different factors influence the expression of our genes.
Vocabulary:
pedigree
polygenetic traits
codominance
sex-linked traits
monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross
F1 generation
F2 generation
allele
dominant allele
law of segregation
rule of dominance
zygote
fertilization
law of independent assortment
multiple alleles
probability
true-breeding
test cross
recessive allele
genotype
homozygous
incomplete dominance
Punnett square
P generation
gene
heterozygous
phenotype
rule of unit factors
Topic and Learning
Targets
Gregor Mendel and his
Rules/Laws of Inheritance
Homework*
Unit 6 Notes/Discussion: Mendel’s Conclusions
Unit 6 Notes and Discussion: Punnett Squares
Practice Activity: Bikini Bottom Genetics
Practice Activity: Bikini Bottom Genetics
Unit 6 Notes and Discussion: Dihybrid Crosses
Review Part 1
Begin Review Part 3
Unit Review
Human Genetic Disorders
LT Check #1: Review Parts 1 and 2
Unit 6 Notes/Discussion: Other Inheritance Patterns
Practice: Genetics Practice Problems
Unit 6 Notes and Discussion: Inheritance Patterns
Practice: Genetics Practice Problems
Unit 6 Notes and Discussion: Inheritance Patterns
Practice: Genetics Practice Problems
Whiteboard Review: Other Inheritance Patterns
Notes and Discussion: Inheritance Patterns
Reading Activity: HRW 239-240 and 242-243
LT Check #2: Review Parts 3-5 (and dihybrid)
Notes/Discussion: Pedigrees
Activity: Pedigrees
Activity: Unit Review
Computer Activity: Human Genetic Disorders
Unit Test
Unit Test
Punnett Squares /Other
Inheritance Patterns
Other Inheritance Patterns
Other Inheritance Patterns
Other Inheritance Patterns
Other Inheritance Patterns
Other Inheritance
Patterns/Pedigrees
•
Activities/Labs/In-class Work
Review Part 2
Finish Review Part 3
Review Part 4 and 5
TBD
Review Part 6
Study for Unit Test
Finish Activity/Study for
Unit Test
TBD
Please note – Additional homework may be added as necessary. Any changes discussed in class
and written on the board should be added to homework listed above by the student and will be due
as discussed in class.
Part 1: Mendel’s Story
1. Gregor Mendel is considered to be the founding father of ______________________.
2. Mendel conducted his genetic experiments on _____________________________.
3. Mendel concluded that all traits are controlled by ____________ genes.
4. Mendel concluded that traits could be recessive or dominate. Describe his
observations that led to this conclusion.
5. What determines whether a pea plant is tall or short? Be specific in your answer.
6. Describe two contributions to the field of genetics that occurred after Mendel’s time
that supported his work.
7. Write one sentence that includes the words genetics, heredity and traits in a way that
defines each word.
8. Explain how Mendel controlled his experiment and prevented cross-pollination.
9. Explain the difference between the P generation, the F1 generation and the F2
generation. What happened to the short trait in Mendel’s F1 generation plants? Why did
the trait reappear in the F2 plants?
10. What is the rule of unit factors?
11. The alternative forms of genes are called _______________________________and
these are carried on different copies of ________________________________.
12. Alleles, genes, and chromosomes and are all made of ____________________.
13. Why do organisms, such as pea plants and humans, have 2 alleles for each trait?
Where do we get each allele? What process separates the alleles and passes only one
to our offspring?
14. What is the rule of dominance?
15. Describe the Law of Segregation.
16. The way an organism looks is called its _____________________________ and the
combination of an organism’s genes is called its _____________________________.
17. If two alleles are the same an organism is considered _______________________
for the trait and if they are different the organism is considered ____________________.
18. What is a Punnett Square used to determine?
19. If you cross a homozygous dominate pea plant with a homozygous recessive pea
plant, what is the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes (you can choose a trait for your
example)? What percent of plants are each type?
20. If you cross two heterozygous pea plants what is the ratio of genotypes and
phenotypes (you can choose a trait for your example)? What percent of plants are each
type?
21. If you are doing a test cross to determine the genotype of an unknown dog with a
dominant trait (such as black fur), what type of dog should you use to mate with it?
Part 2:
1. Describe the law of independent assortment.
2. What is a dihybrid cross? How does it differ from a monohybrid cross?
. Complete a dihybrid cross of the following. RrYy x RRyy
R= Round seeds
r = wrinkled seeds
Y = Yellow seeds
y = Green seeds
a) Write the ratio of each genotype
b) Write the ratio of each phenotype.
16. Complete a dihybrid cross of the following. RRYy x rrYy
R= Round seeds
r = wrinkled seeds
Y = Yellow seeds
y = Green seeds
a) Write the ratio of each genotype
b) Write the ratio of each phenotype.
Part 3: Codominance and Incomplete Dominance
1. Describe the inheritance pattern of Mendelian or complete dominance and give an
example.
2. Describe the inheritance pattern of incomplete dominance and give an example.
3. Snapdragons can be three different colors: pink, red and white. If snapdragons follow
an incomplete dominance inheritance pattern, what are the three possible genotypes?
4. If a red snapdragon is crossed with a pink snapdragon, what are the genotype and
phenotype ratios of the offspring? Complete a Punnett Square to determine your answer.
5. If a white snapdragon is crossed with a red snapdragon, what percent of the offspring
are red? Complete a Punnett Square to determine your answer.
6. If a certain type of flower followed incomplete dominance and its two alleles represent
red and blue, what color flowers would a heterozygous plant have?
7. For the flowers described in #6, if a plant with red flowers was crossed with a plant
with blue flowers, what are the genotype and phenotype ratios? Complete a Punnett
Square to determine your answer.
8. Describe the inheritance pattern of co-dominance and given an example.
9. In some cattle the genes for brown hair (B) and for white hair (W) are co-dominant.
Cattle with alleles for both brown and white hair have both brown and white hairs. This
condition gives the cattle a reddish color, and is referred to as Roan (BW).
For each of the following crosses, construct a punnett square and give phenotypic and
genotype ratios of the offspring.
a) a roan cow and a white bull
b) a brown cow and a roan bull
c) a roan cow and a roan bull
10. In horses, chestnut and white coat colors are co-dominant. Heterozygous horses
have a blend of both colors, which is a golden tan color. Such heterozygous horses are
known as palominos. Complete the following crosses and answer the questions below
each cross:
A chestnut horse and a white horse:
a) What percent of the offspring are chestnut?
b) What percent of the offspring are palominos?
A white horse and a palomino horse:
a) What percent of the offspring are white?
b) What percent of the offspring are chestnut?
Part 4: Multiple Alleles
1. Traits controlled by more than 2 alleles are called ___________________________.
2. The three possible blood alleles are A, B, and O. Which alleles are dominant and
which alleles are co-dominant?
3. If two parents are type AB and type O, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
for their children?
4. A child is born with type O blood and his mom has type A and his dad has type B.
How is this possible?
5. If a mom has type O and a dad has type A, what are the possible blood types of the
children?
6. Why is AB blood type said to be the universal recipient? Why is O blood type said to
be the universal donor?
Answer the questions below based on the following chart:
Person
Ms. Smith
Mr. Smith
Ms. Johnson
Mr. Johnson
Ms. Kelly
Mr. Kelly
Baby A
Baby B
Baby C
Blood Type (Phenotype)
A
B
B
O
A
A
O
AB
B
7. What are the possible genotypes for the Smith baby? (Hint: You will need to draw
Punnett Squares) Based on these genotypes, which baby could be their baby?
8. What are the possible genotypes of the Johnson baby? Based on these genotypes,
which baby could be their baby?
9. What are the possible genotypes of the Kelly baby? Based on these genotypes, which
baby could be their baby?
10. Which baby belongs to which parent?
11. Could two individuals with type A blood ever produce offspring with Type O? Explain
with Punnett Square.*
12. Could two individuals with type O every produce offspring with Type A? Explain with
Punnett Square.*
Part 5: Sex-Linked Traits and Review of All Inheritance Patterns
1. Traits that are controlled by sex chromosomes are called____________________
____________________ traits and are carried on the _______________________
chromosome. Traits carried on the other chromosomes are ______________________.
2. A pregnant mom is colorblind and her husband is not. If she gives birth to a boy, will
he be colorblind? If she gives birth to a girl, will she be colorblind? Why or why not?
3. A man with hemophilia received this trait from his __________________________.
Will any of this man’s children have hemophilia? Explain.
4. If a man is color blind and his wife is not and is not a carrier, can their children be
color blind? Explain.
5. Hemophilia A is a sex-linked trait. Complete a Punnett Square to show the offspring if
a female hemophilia A carrier (carries, but does not exhibit the trait) is crossed with a
normal male. What percent of the females have hemophilia A? What percent of the
males have hemophilia A?
6. Complete a Punnett Square to show the offspring if a female who has hemophilia A is
crossed with a normal male. What percent of the females have hemophilia A? What
percent of the males have hemophilia A?
7. Red-green colorblindness is also a sex-linked trait. Complete a Punnett Square to
show the offspring if a normal-sighted female is crossed with a colorblind male. What
percent of the females are normal-sighted? What percent of the males are normalsighted?
8. Complete a Punnett Square to show the offspring if a female who carries the color
blind trait is crossed with a colorblind male. What percent of the females are colorblind?
What percent of the males are colorblind?
9. Which two human traits have we studied are sex-linked?
10. Describe polygenic Inheritance. Give an example of a trait that humans have that
follows this inheritance pattern. (may be discussed in class when reviewed)
Additional Review of ALL genetics patterns:
10. If a field of flowers has pink, red and white flowers, what inheritance pattern do the
flowers follow?
11. If a field has only red and white flower, what inheritance pattern do the flowers
follow?
12. If the field has red flowers, white flowers and flowers that are both red and white,
what inheritance pattern do the flowers follow?
13. A cross between a white rooster and a black hen results in 100% blue Andalusian
offspring (Hint - Blue is viewed as a similar to gray – what inheritance pattern does this
follow?). When two of these blue offspring are mated, what is the probable phenotype
ratio seen in the offspring?
14. Complete a Punnett Square for a cross between a black chicken and a checkered
chicken. Give the phenotype ratio of the offspring in the F1 generation. (Hint - A
checkered chicken indicates what pattern of inheritance?)
15. A breeder performs a testcross to determine whether an Alaskan malamute is
homozygous dominant (DD) or heterozygous dominant (Dd) for a recessive dwarf allele.
Half the offspring appear dwarf. What is the genotype for the unknown dog? Use a
Punnett Square to show your answer.
16. Give the phenotype and genotype ratios of the offspring of a heterozygous type A
male and an AB female.
17. What percentage of the children would be type O if one member of a couple is
heterozygous type A and the other member is heterozygous type B?
18. If Mary is colorblind and she marries John who is also colorblind, will their children
definitely be colorblind? Explain.
Part 5: Factors that influence Gene Expression and Mutations
Read pages 239-240 (Mutations) and answer the following questions:
1. Mutations in the egg or the sperm are called ___________________ mutations.
2. Mutations in body cells are called ________________ mutations.
3. Which one can be inherited? ______________________________
4. Are all mutations bad? Explain.
5. List and describe the four types of chromosome mutations:
6. List and describe the three types of point mutations. Which one can lead to a
frameshift mutation in translation?
7. Identify the following mutations:
a. A nucleotide is added during replication _______________________
b. A piece of chromosome is lost __________________________
c. A chromosome doesn’t separate properly in meiosis ____________________
d. The wrong nucleotide is placed ______________________
e. A nucleotide is missing ______________________
f. A chromosomal segment breaks off, flips and reattaches _________________
g. A chromosome segment breaks off and attaches to another chromosome that
is not homologous ______________________
Part 6: Pedigrees
1. A square represents a _________________________ and a circle represents a
______________________________.
2. In the phenotype pedigree above, what is the relationship between individual II-3 and
individual III-4?
3. What is the relationship between individual I-1 and individual II-7?
4. What is the relationship between individual II-4 and individual III-8?
5. What is the genotype for individual II-5? _________________________________
6. What is the genotype for individual III-9? _________________________________
7. If individual III-1 marries a person who is heterozygous for the trait, then what is the
probability that their child will have the trait?
8. If individual II-3 marries a person who is homozygous recessive for the trait, then
what is the probability that their child will have the trait?
9. Why does individual II-6 have a slash?