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Section 1 – The Byzantine Empire Chapter 11 Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500-1500 • 395 – Rome had been divided into East and West • 527 – Justinian takes the Eastern throne and wins back most Western territories • Byzantine emperors – Absolute power, state and church – Most lived under threat of assassination – 88 Byzantine emperors – 29 violent deaths, 13 became monks Justinian Justinian Code • Four parts – Code – around 5,000 Roman laws still considered useful – Digest – quotes and summaries of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers – Institutes – textbook for law students – Novellae – post-534 legislation Constantinople • • • • Imperial capital city Defensive fortifications rebuilt Church building (Hagia Sophia) Building program – palace expanded, baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals • Education – preserved Greco-Roman culture • Mese – main avenue, lined with vendors • Hippodrome – site of free entertainment Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia Fall of the Byzantine Empire • Plague of Justinian – Similar to Bubonic Plague – At its height, 10,000 people dying daily • Attacks – West – Lombards – North – Avars, Slavs, Bulgars – East – Sassanid Persians – Multiple attacks on the capital – 1453 – Ottoman Turks seize Constantinople Roman Catholicism vs. Eastern Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism Similarities Eastern Orthodox Latin Faith based on the gospel of Jesus found in the Bible Greek or vernacular Pope Sacraments such as baptism Patriarch and other bishops as a group Pope claims authority over earthly rulers. Religious leaders are priests and bishops Emperor claims authority over patriarch and bishops Priests may not marry Seek to convert others to Christianity Priests may marry Divorce is not permitted • • • • The Ladder of Divine Ascent Divorce is allowed under certain conditions Patriarch – bishop of Constantinople Icon – religious images used during worship Excommunication – declared outcast from the Church Slavic peoples converted by Byzantine missionaries, led to Cyrillic alphabet Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why could Justinian claim to be a new Caesar? 2. Considering the risks, why did anyone want to be emperor of Byzantium? 3. How did strengthening the connection between church and state strengthen Justinian’s own power? 4. Why did the empire suffer from riots, religious quarrels, and other setbacks after Justinian’s death? 5. How did Constantinople’s location help it survive so long? 6. How did Emperor Leo III bring about the division of the Church? 7. Why was it important for people to read the Bible in their own language? Section 2 – The Russian Empire • Slavs – people from forests north of Black Sea, ancestors of many Eastern Europeans • Russia – name derived from Rus , a group of Vikings – Legend: Rurik founded Novgorod • 957 – Kiev becomes Orthodox under Olga • Vladimir – Olga’s grandson who converts to Orthodox Christianity and orders all his people to do likewise Viking Invasions Baptism of Vladimir Kiev Khanate of the Golden Horde • Kievan power – Vladimir increased Kiev’s influence through expansion – 1019 – Yaroslav the Wise used marriages/alliances, laws, commerce and education to further enrich Kievan Russia • Kievan decline – 1054 – Yaroslav died and sons warred on each other to gain best territories – Crusades disrupted trade – Mongols invaded Khanate of the Golden Horde • 1200s – Mongol warriors invade Russia • 1240 – Mongols destroyed Kiev under Batu Khan • Mongol rule – Russians allowed to keep customs/culture as long as they did not rebel – Tolerated the Orthodox Church – Demanded absolute obedience and tribute • Alexander Nevsky – Russian noble who advised cooperation with Mongols • Mongol control isolated Russia from Western Europe Russia Freed • 1100s – Moscow founded • 1320s – Ivan I becomes Grand Prince • Patriarch of Kiev moves to Moscow • Ivan III – first czar – Urga River faceoff – Bloodless liberation Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why would the Slavs ask Rurik to be their king? 2. How did Kiev’s location on the Dnieper River establish Christianity among the Slavs? 3. What kind of standing did women have in Kievan society? Explain. 4. Which problem that led to Kiev’s decline was the most severe? Why? 5. How did the size of the Mongol Empire compare to that of Byzantium? 6. Why did most Russian nobles crush revolts against the Mongols? 7. Why did having control of the Volga, Dnieper, and Don rivers allow the princes of Moscow control of European Russia? 8. Ivan III wanted to make Russia the “Third Rome.” What were the first two “Romes”? Section 3 – Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia • Turks – Mamelukes – Turkish military slaves (Abbasid) – Seljuks – converted to Islam and began migrating into the Abbasid Empire • 1071 – Battle of Manzikert • Gradually take over Anatolia – Supported by Persians • Persians appointed as government officials = viziers • Malik Shah – most famous Seljuk sultan Mamelukes Seljuk Turks • Crusaders – 1095 – Pope Urban II launched First Crusade • Drive Turks from Anatolia • Rescue Jerusalem from Muslims – 1099 – Crusaders captured Jerusalem and massacred the Jews and Muslims living there – 1187 – Saladin recaptured Jerusalem • Mongols – 1258 – Hulagu – Driven out by Ottomans First Crusade Critical Thinking Questions 1. How does the Turks’ treatment of the Persians compare with the Mongols’ treatment of the Russians? 2. Why was Anatolia so vulnerable to attack by the Persians and then the Seljuks? 3. Why were the Turks unprepared for the First Crusade and the Mongol attack? 4. Was the Seljuk Empire or the Mongol Empire better administered? Explain.