Download Chapter 11 - Greer Middle College

Section 1 – The Byzantine Empire
Chapter 11
Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact,
500-1500
• 395 – Rome had been divided into East and
West
• 527 – Justinian takes the Eastern throne and
wins back most Western territories
• Byzantine emperors
– Absolute power, state and church
– Most lived under threat of assassination
– 88 Byzantine emperors – 29 violent deaths, 13
became monks
Justinian
Justinian Code
• Four parts
– Code – around 5,000 Roman laws still considered useful
– Digest – quotes and summaries of Rome’s greatest legal
thinkers
– Institutes – textbook for law students
– Novellae – post-534 legislation
Constantinople
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Imperial capital city
Defensive fortifications rebuilt
Church building (Hagia Sophia)
Building program – palace expanded, baths,
aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals
• Education – preserved Greco-Roman culture
• Mese – main avenue, lined with vendors
• Hippodrome – site of free entertainment
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• Plague of Justinian
– Similar to Bubonic Plague
– At its height, 10,000 people dying daily
• Attacks
– West – Lombards
– North – Avars, Slavs, Bulgars
– East – Sassanid Persians
– Multiple attacks on the capital
– 1453 – Ottoman Turks seize Constantinople
Roman Catholicism vs. Eastern Orthodoxy
Roman Catholicism
Similarities
Eastern Orthodox
Latin
Faith based on the gospel
of Jesus found in the Bible
Greek or vernacular
Pope
Sacraments such
as baptism
Patriarch and other
bishops as a group
Pope claims authority over
earthly rulers.
Religious leaders are
priests and bishops
Emperor claims authority
over patriarch and bishops
Priests may not marry
Seek to convert others
to Christianity
Priests may marry
Divorce is not permitted
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The Ladder of Divine Ascent
Divorce is allowed under
certain conditions
Patriarch – bishop of Constantinople
Icon – religious images used during worship
Excommunication – declared outcast from the Church
Slavic peoples converted by Byzantine missionaries, led to
Cyrillic alphabet
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Why could Justinian claim to be a new Caesar?
2. Considering the risks, why did anyone want to be emperor
of Byzantium?
3. How did strengthening the connection between church
and state strengthen Justinian’s own power?
4. Why did the empire suffer from riots, religious quarrels,
and other setbacks after Justinian’s death?
5. How did Constantinople’s location help it survive so long?
6. How did Emperor Leo III bring about the division of the
Church?
7. Why was it important for people to read the Bible in their
own language?
Section 2 – The Russian Empire
• Slavs – people from forests north of Black Sea,
ancestors of many Eastern Europeans
• Russia – name derived from Rus , a group of
Vikings
– Legend: Rurik founded Novgorod
• 957 – Kiev becomes Orthodox under Olga
• Vladimir – Olga’s grandson who converts to
Orthodox Christianity and orders all his people to
do likewise
Viking Invasions
Baptism of Vladimir
Kiev
Khanate of the Golden Horde
• Kievan power
– Vladimir increased Kiev’s influence through expansion
– 1019 – Yaroslav the Wise used marriages/alliances,
laws, commerce and education to further enrich
Kievan Russia
• Kievan decline
– 1054 – Yaroslav died and sons warred on each other to
gain best territories
– Crusades disrupted trade
– Mongols invaded
Khanate of the Golden Horde
• 1200s – Mongol warriors invade Russia
• 1240 – Mongols destroyed Kiev under Batu Khan
• Mongol rule
– Russians allowed to keep customs/culture as long as they
did not rebel
– Tolerated the Orthodox Church
– Demanded absolute obedience and tribute
• Alexander Nevsky – Russian noble who advised
cooperation with Mongols
• Mongol control isolated Russia from Western Europe
Russia Freed
• 1100s – Moscow founded
• 1320s – Ivan I becomes
Grand Prince
• Patriarch of Kiev moves to
Moscow
• Ivan III – first czar
– Urga River faceoff
– Bloodless liberation
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Why would the Slavs ask Rurik to be their king?
2. How did Kiev’s location on the Dnieper River establish Christianity
among the Slavs?
3. What kind of standing did women have in Kievan society? Explain.
4. Which problem that led to Kiev’s decline was the most severe?
Why?
5. How did the size of the Mongol Empire compare to that of
Byzantium?
6. Why did most Russian nobles crush revolts against the Mongols?
7. Why did having control of the Volga, Dnieper, and Don rivers allow
the princes of Moscow control of European Russia?
8. Ivan III wanted to make Russia the “Third Rome.” What were the
first two “Romes”?
Section 3 – Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
• Turks
– Mamelukes – Turkish military slaves (Abbasid)
– Seljuks – converted to Islam and began migrating into
the Abbasid Empire
• 1071 – Battle of Manzikert
• Gradually take over Anatolia
– Supported by Persians
• Persians appointed as government officials = viziers
• Malik Shah – most famous Seljuk sultan
Mamelukes
Seljuk Turks
• Crusaders
– 1095 – Pope Urban II launched First Crusade
• Drive Turks from Anatolia
• Rescue Jerusalem from Muslims
– 1099 – Crusaders captured Jerusalem and massacred
the Jews and Muslims living there
– 1187 – Saladin recaptured Jerusalem
• Mongols
– 1258 – Hulagu
– Driven out by Ottomans
First Crusade
Critical Thinking Questions
1. How does the Turks’ treatment of the
Persians compare with the Mongols’
treatment of the Russians?
2. Why was Anatolia so vulnerable to attack by
the Persians and then the Seljuks?
3. Why were the Turks unprepared for the First
Crusade and the Mongol attack?
4. Was the Seljuk Empire or the Mongol Empire
better administered? Explain.