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Jackson and
Manifest Destiny
Jackson/Manifest Destiny
Test – _______________
Manifest Destiny
Name: ______________________________
Manifest Destiny
1. Define manifest destiny__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Texas: Independence and Annexation:
2. In what year did Mexico gain its independence from Spain? ______________________________
3. Who came to power in Mexico in 1834 and promised to tighten his control over Texas? _________________________
4. Who lead the Texans in a rebellion against Mexico to gain Texas independence in 1836? _______________________
5. On what date did a convention of Texas delegates declare Texas to be an independent republic? ___________________
6. What historic battle was fought in March 1836 outside San Antonio, Texas? ______________________________
What famous frontiersman and former congressman was killed at this battle? ______________________________
7. After a series of battles, the Texans eventually defeated Santa Anna and took him hostage. In exchange for his freedom
Santa Anna agreed to the following (2) things:
a) ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Wanting to become part of the United States, Texas asked to be made part of the US. President Andrew Jackson was in
favor of annexing Texas, but he could not overcome northern opposition. For what (2) reasons did northerners oppose the
annexation of Texas?
a) ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What (2) candidates ran for president in the 1844 election?
a) Democratic candidate: ______________________________
b) Whig Party candidate: ______________________________
10. Who won the election of 1844? ______________________________
11. In what year did Texas become the 28th state in Union? ______________________________
Which president did this? ______________________________
Texas became a [FREE STATE] or [SLAVE STATE]
Oregon
12. What (2) countries disputed for control of the Oregon Territory? a) __________________ b) ____________________
13. The United States was prepared for war if necessary to gain the Oregon territory. What was the U.S. slogan to gain the
Oregon Territory?___________________________________________________________________________________
14. What became the official boundary line agreed upon by both England and the United States?
________________________
War with Mexico and the Gadsden Purchase
15. Why was Mexico mad at the United States? ___________________________________________________________
16. Who general did President Polk send to patrol the U.S.-Mexican border in June 1845? _________________________
17. Who did President Polk send to Mexico with an offer to purchase both California and New Mexico?
__________________
What was the Mexican response to this offer? _____________________________________________________________
18. What river did the US claim was the border between Mexico & the United States? ________________________
What river did Mexico claim was the border? ______________________________
19. What event started the war between the United States and Mexico? _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. On what date did the United States declare war on Mexico? ______________________________
21. What U.S. general captured Mexico City on September 14, 1847? ______________________________
22. What was the name of the treaty that ended the U.S.-Mexican War? ______________________________
On what date was it signed? ______________________________
23. The treaty required Mexico to surrender the ____________________ and _______________________ territories to
the United States in exchange for financial compensation.
24. What was the name of the territorial purchase which included parts of present-day New Mexico and Arizona the US
bought from Mexico in 1853 so a southern transcontinental railroad to be built? ______________________________
How much did the United States pay for this territory? ______________________________
California
25. What was discovered that caused thousands of settlers in the US to go to California in 1848? ________________
Near what present-day city in California was this discovery made? ______________________________
26. The nickname given to the thousands of settlers who rushed to California to strike it rich? ___________________
27. On what date did Congress admit California as a state? ______________________________
California became a [FREE STATE] or [SLAVE STATE]
Jacksonian Democracy
Interpreting Primary Sources
Reading 1:
The aristocracy of our country...continually contrive to change their party name. It was first Tory, then Federalist, then no party...then
National Republican, now Whig....But by whatever name they reorganize themselves, the true democracy of the country, the
producing classes, ought to be able to distinguish the enemy. Ye may know them by their fruit. Ye may know them by their
deportment toward the people. Ye may know them by their disposition to club together, and constitute societies and incorporations for
the enjoyment of exclusive privileges and for countenancing and protecting each other in their monopolies....They are those, with
some honorable exceptions, who have contrived to live without labor...and must consequently live on the labor of others.
Frederick Robinson, a Democrat, 1834
Reading 2:
We believe, then in the principle of democratic republicanism, in its strongest and purest sense. We have an abiding confidence in the
virtue, intelligence, and full capacity for self-government, of the great mass of our people--our industrious, honest manly, intelligent
millions of freemen. We are opposed to all self-styled "wholesome restraints" on the free action of the popular opinion and will, other
than those which have for their sole object the prevention of precipitate legislation.
Statement of Democratic principles
Reading 3:
Ours is a country, where men start from an humble origin, and from small beginnings rise gradually in the world, as the reward of
merit and industry, and where they attain to the most elevated positions, or acquire a large amount of wealth, according to the pursuits
they elect for themselves. No exclusive privileges of birth, no entailment of estates, no civil or political disqualifications, stand in their
path; but one has as good a chance as another, according to his talents, prudence, and personal exertions. This is a country of selfmade men, than which nothing better could be said of any state of society.
Calvin Colton, a Whig
Questions To Think About
1. What are the basic values and assumptions of Jacksonian democracy?
2. What should be the social goals of a democratic America?
Indian Removal
Interpreting Primary Sources
Reading 1:
Toward the aborigines of this country no one can indulge a more friendly feeling than myself, or would go further in attempting to
reclaim them from their wandering habits and make them a happy, prosperous people.
Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country, and philanthropy has been long busily employed in devising
means to avert it, but its progress has never for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from
the earth. To follow to the tomb the last of his race and to tread on the graves of extinct nations excites melancholy reflections. But
true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for
another....Nor is there anything in this which, upon a comprehensive view of the general interests of the human race, is to be regretted.
Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forebears. What good man
would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities,
towns, and prosperous farms?
Andrew Jackson defends the removal policy, 1830
Reading 2:
The Cherokees were happy and prosperous under a scrupulous observance of treaty stipulations by the government of the United
States, and from the fostering hand extended over them, they made rapid advances in civilization, morals, and in the arts and sciences.
Little did they anticipate, that when taught to think and feel as the American citizen, and to have with him a common interest, they
were to be despoiled by their guardian, to become strangers and wanderers in the land of their fathers, forced to return to the savage
life, and to seek a new home in the wilds of the far west, and that without their consent.
We wish to remain on the land of our fathers. We have a perfect and original right to remain without interruption or molestation. The
treaties with us, and laws of the United States made in pursuance of treaties, guaranty our residence and our privileges, and secure us
against intruders.
Memorial and Protest of the Cherokee Nation, 1836
Reading 3:
The Cherokee nation...is a distinct community, occupying its own territories, with boundaries accurately described, in which the laws
of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter.
Chief Justice John Marshall
Reading 1:
The ingenuity of man might be challenged to show a single sentence of the Constitution of the United States giving power, either
direct or implied, to the general government...to nullify the laws of a State...or coerce obedience, by force, to the mandates of the
judiciary of the Union.
Wilson Lumpkin, Governor of Georgia
Questions To Think About
1. Could Indians and white Americans peacefully coexist?
2. How does Andrew Jackson defend his removal policy?
3. Was John Marshall's Supreme Court decision realistic? Can a president and states disregard a high court decision?
4. Was Jackson's policy unjust? What policy might have been better?
Antebellum Population
Read the overview or sectional framework and then read the vignettes of three typical individuals. You will need to explain how each
of three men, James Watson, Richard Fitzhugh, and George Hicks, would react to each of eight sectional issues of antebellum period.
Complete the chart by writing each man’s position and rationale on each issue. You will use your completed chart to help you in
answering the concluding questions in the second part.
Sectional Framework for the Ante-bellum Period
East
Political- The region developed a broad-based democracy as property qualifications for voting were either reduced or eliminated for
white males.
Economic- The area’s diversified economy included commerce, banking, manufacturing, forest and mining products and stable,
family-sized farms.
Social- A wide class structure ranged from wealthy businessmen to a few remaining indentured servants. Public schools, as well as a
number of universities, had developed, and urban centers with a cultural and intellectual base were emerging.
South
Political- An aristocratic form of government, which had existed since colonial times, was well-established by the nineteenth century.
Economic- The planter aristocracy dominated the economy and produced a staple crop with slave labor. However, most whited lived
in a marginal existence on small farms.
Social- Few centers of learning or urban centers existed in this agrarian setting. A small percentage of white planters ran the
establishment. Yeoman farmers yearned to become planters and supported slavery to keep African Americans in a subordinate
position.
West
Political- A democratic society based on white suffrage developed, but African Americans and women were not granted the right to
vote.
Economic- Farms, owned and operated by the family, used large-scale agriculture and the new machinery of the period to produce
food for eastern markets.
Social- While a few cities developed as centers of commerce, most people lived a rural life. The Northwest Ordinance had placed an
emphasis on education. In the early 1830’s, Oberlin College became the first college to admit women and African Americans.
These descriptions characterized the typical individuals shown on the chart:
James Watson
A manufacturer of cotton textiles in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Watson is the son of an early factory owner who recognized the value
of cotton spinning machine for which Samuel Slater smuggled plans out of England. The elder Mr. Watson started a small mill in
1812 and, with the help of his son, James, expanded the mill threefold and began spinning, weaving and dying cloth. James Watson
sees the possibility of further expansion as transportation makes markets more readily available.
George Hicks
George Hicks recently moved t Indiana from Vermont where he had operated a small general farm. He purchased new farm
machinery and two hundred acres on the Wabash River. With the help of his son, he grows wheat for sale in the East. He transports his
produce via the Wabash and Erie Canal, the Great Lakes and the Erie Canal to eastern markets. With the influx of immigrants and the
growth of cities in the East, Hicks is considering expanding his acreage in hopes of further increasing his profits.
Richard Fitzhugh
In 1849, Richard Fitzhugh inherited a plantation from his father. The nearly three thousand acres are situated on the banks of the
Savannah River in Georgia. Fitzhugh has two hundred slaves, including 150 field hands. Mr. Fitzhugh is descended from an old line
of southern plantation owners whose ancestors originally worked plantations in the tobacco lands of Virginia. He is a well-educated
gentleman, having graduated from the College of William and Mary where he learned the values and practices of the southern code of
Chivalry.
Issue
The national government
should pass high tariffs
The national government
should encourage
settlement of small western
farms
The national government
should acquire new
territories to the Pacific
Ocean (Manifest Destiny)
& prepare them for
statehood
The national government
should promote and fund
internal improvements
including roads, canals, &
railroads
The national government
should abolish slavery
The national government
should promote unlimited
immigration to America
The national government
should promote universal
education
Watson (North)
Hicks (West)
Fitzhugh (South)
1.
How did Henry Clay’s American System help promote national unity and a national market economy?
2.
Change-over-time: Identify, using at least 3 specific historic examples, how the United States changed from 1800 to 1840 in
each of the following ways:
a. Democracy
b.
Transportation
c.
Technology and communication
d.
Economic growth
e.
Social reforms
f.
American foreign policy
g.
Immigration patterns
h.
Labor systems
3.
Given your evidence from #2, which national change had the most significant impact on the U.S. from 1800-1840? Why?
4.
Change-over-time: Identify, using at least 3 specific historic examples, how each region of the United States changed from
1800 to 1840. For each region, consider economic, social, and political changes.
a. The North
b.
The South
c.
The West
5.
Given your evidence from #4, which region of the U.S. experienced the most profound changes from 1800 to 1840?
6.
Which region of the United States (North, South, or West) was more vital to the American market economy by 1840? Why?
7.
How might the increasing regionalization of the U.S. create difficulties for the national government by the 1850s?
Territorial Growth of the United States to 1853
Name of Territory
(Color each territorial acquisition a
different color, use boxes as key)
Year
Acquired by
United States
Prior Owner of
Territory
How we got it (Treaty,
bought, etc.)
The Thirteen Colonies
United States After the
Revolution
Louisiana Purchase
Florida
Texas Annexation
Oregon Territory
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase
Label the following political and geographic features:
1. The Great Lakes (5)
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Pacific Ocean
4. Gulf of Mexico
5. Mississippi River
6. Ohio River
7. Missouri River
8. Appalachian Mountains
9. Rocky Mountains
10. Sierra Nevada Mountains
States created from it
Andrew Jackson – The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
Andrew Jackson…the man!
Born in March 1767 on NC/SC Border -- He was orphaned at 13 -- Self-educated with no formal education
Emotional, Arrogant and Passionate man
Involved in countless Duels -- Killed Charles Dickenson in a duel over a horse racing bet and an insult to his wife
Jackson’s Military Service
•
•
Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814
Defeated the British at New Orleans in 1815
•
•
Took Florida and Claimed it for the US in 1819
Loved by his soldiers who called him “Old Hickory”
The Election of 1824
Regional and personality differences led to a multi-candidate race
The Participants:
___________________________ : Sought to continue conservative course set by Monroe, supported strong national gov’t
___________________: Emerged as rival of Clay for West vote; appealed to the “common man” due to his upbringing and war record
_____________________: Sought support from N and W for his “American System” of tariffs and support for internal improvements
__________________________: Competed with Calhoun for the regional vote of the South; Supported Jefferson’s strict construction
The Election of 1824
Even though Jackson won the popular vote, he didn’t receive a majority of electoral votes.
Sent to the _______________________________________ to choose the President
The Corrupt Bargain
Jackson -v- Quincy Adams
Jackson appeals to West and South voters
Henry Clay gives his support to Adams and the House chooses Adams as President
and two weeks later……………….Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State….
Quincy Adams Tangent
•
•
•
•
One of the ablest, hardest working Presidents.
Not popular failed to relate to the common man
Often irritated those around him
Supported protective tariffs and National Bank
o Passed the tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations)
o Tariff upset those in the South
Minority president, last of the Federalists leaning, and last connection to Founding Fathers…..
The Rematch of 1828
Jackson -v- Quincy Adams II
Rise in the Common Man
• Property qualifications and education dropped as voting requirement
• Population shifts to West and South
Jackson Wins, Jackson Wins -- Jacksonian Democracy
Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be done by the common man.
“Government by the majority of people; instead of a gov’t governed by the upper class”
Man of the People
Spoils System –
Eaton Affair –
Wife of Jackson’s sec of defense, target of gossip by other cabinet wives
Tried to force cabinet wives to accept her, and led to resignation of most of his Cabinet
Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet
• Group of unofficial advisors
• Often consulted instead of actual cabinet
Did you say Veto?
Jackson vetoed more bills than the previous six presidents combined
_______________________ (1830) - Vetoed the use of federal money to construct the Maysville Road because it fell within one
state (KY)
Most of Jackson’s policy sought to balance sectional interests, but were clearly entrenched in Southern and Western motives
Nullification Crisis of 1832
Jackson supported states’ rights, especially in the South, but when pressed would defend the rights of the National Government
•
“____________________________________” and Tariff of 1832 led to the South Carolina challenging federal law
through interposition and nullification
•
Conflict with John C. Calhoun (former Jackson VP)
•
Appealed to South Carolina to obey federal law and obtained authority from Congress (_____________________)
to enforce the laws any way necessary
•
Clay negotiated a compromise (Tariff of 1833)
You can Bank on it!
Jackson vetoed Congress’s attempt to re-charter the national bank
Jackson distrusted Northern commercial interests -- Nicholas Biddle represented these interests
South and West blamed the national bank for Panic of 1819 – preferred “_____________” & “____________” of state banks
___________________ – Jackson removed government deposits and placed them in local (pet) banks loyal to the Democratic party
Panic of 1837
Easy lending of the Pet Banks led to speculative boom in the early 1830’s
Jackson became concerned that the banks were issuing too much paper money -- Issued _________________ (1836) requiring gold
and silver for land purchases
These policies (combined with other issues) led to a rapid “bursting of the bubble”, that caused a nationwide depression
-- Plagued Martin Van Buren’s time in office
And now for the Ugly
Jackson’s Native American Policy – _________________________ – Forced resettlement of Native Americans west of the
Mississippi – Created the Bureau of Indian Affairs created to oversee resettlement
________________________________________ – Cherokee claimed the relocation was wrong and it went to the supreme court.
Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee Tribe.
Jackson’s response -- “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe. Before the journey was over ¼ of the tribe perished.
Reflected Jackson’s personal apathy toward Native Americans
Jackson’s Legacy
The Good
•
•
The Common Man involvement in Government
Strong Executive Power
The Bad
•
•
The Spoils System
Banking Instability
The Ugly
•
Native American Policy
•
•
•
•
Massive Voter Turnout
Sparked Re-Creation of 2 Party System
Excessive Check of the Supreme Court
Greater Sectionalism –Result of Split with Calhoun
•
Trail of Tears
Expansion into the West: Texas, Oregon, & California
Western Exploration 1800-1830
Manifest Destiny
The spread of settlers beyond U.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands
The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor _________________________, who said: God
wants the USA (“_______________________”) to become stronger
Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing
Texas
In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain
• The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA
• Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas
The Texas Revolution
In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. immigration to Texas but problems emerged between “Anglos” & the new
Mexican gov’t
Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules
• “Texans” ignored the ________________________________
• “Texans” refused to convert to Catholicism
• “Texans” refused to _________________________________
• “Texans” wanted self-rule like in the U.S.
In 1834, __________________________ became dictator & was viewed as threat to Texans’ interests
An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by __________________________
The Republic of Texas (1836-1845)
In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution
But the war for independence still had to be fought
•
•
•
Texans were defeated at the ______________________
Texans were defeated at Goliad
Texans won at ______________________________ & captured General Santa Anna
In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande
The Republic of Texas
___________________________ was the 1st president of the Republic of Texas & asked the U.S. to make Texas a state
Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery)
Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s &
1840s
Mexican-American War
Causes of the Mexican War:
Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed ___________________________________
In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the MexicanAmerican War
The Mexican-American War
• John C Fremont won in California
• Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico
•
•
Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico
Winfield Scott captured Mexico City
Ending the Mexican War
In 1848, U.S. & Mexico ended the war with the _____________________________:
The U.S. grew 20% by adding the _____________________ (present-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, & parts of CO & WY)
Added the ______________________________ in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad
The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border
Oregon
U.S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819)
Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)
The Oregon Boundary Dispute
• In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the U.S. wanted full control of Oregon
• Oregon residents demanded the entire territory: “______________________________”
• England compromised & divided Oregon along 49th parallel in 1846
Benefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance
to slave-state Texas
California -- ________________________________
California settlers used John Fremont’s occupation of California during the Mexican-American War as an
opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846
Like Texas, California operated as an independent nation; the California Republic existed for one month from June 1846
to July 1846 when it was annexed by the United States
California became a U.S. state as part of the _______________________________
The California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”):
Discover was made at _______________________________
Few miners struck it rich
• The real money made in CA was in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions
• The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society
Conclusions:
The impact of territorial expansion:
Historian _________________________ noted in the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous,
optimistic, & democratic people
But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery