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1 Terms and Definitions Characteristics of Romantic Music (Lecture 9) Chromatic harmony: harmony utilizing chords built on the five chromatic notes of the scale in addition to the 7 diatonic ones; producing rich harmonies Chromaticism: the frequent presence in melodies and chords of intervals only a half step apart; in a scale, the use of notes not part of the diatonic major or minor pattern Art song: Composition for solo voice and piano accompaniment Through-composed: a term used to describe music that exhibits no obvious repetitions or overt musical form from beginning to end Nocturne (night piece): “a slow, introspective type of music, usually for piano, with rich harmonies and poignant dissonances intending to convey the mysteries of night” Rubato: (Italian for “robbed”) in musical notation, a tempo mark indicating that the performer may take, or steal, great liberties with the tempo Bel canto: “(Italian for “beautiful singing”): a style of singing and a type of Italian opera developed in the nineteenth century that features the beautiful tone and brilliant technique of the human voice Recitativo accompagnato: orchestrally accompanied recitative Cabaletta: a fast concluding aria in which the increased speed of the music allows one or more soloists to race off stage at the end of a scene or act Music drama: a musical work for the stage in which all the arts – poetry, music, acting, mime, dance, and scenic design – function as a harmonious ensemble Gesamtkunstwerk: total art work Leitmotif: A brief, distinctive unit of music designed to represent a character, object, or idea; a term applied to the motives in the music dramas of Richard Wagner Orchestral lied: an art song in which the full orchestra replaced the piano as the medium of accompaniment