Download Greek Gods/Goddesses

Greek Mythology
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The Big Twelve
• The main 12
gods/goddesses were
knows as The Big
Twelve, and they ruled
at Mount Olympus:
• Zeus, Poseidon, Hera,
Athena, Apollo, Artemis,
Ares, Hephaestus,
Aphrodite, Hermes,
Hestia, Demeter.
Mount Olympus
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Mount Olympus is both an
actual mountain in Greece
and the mythical home of
the Greek gods. In Zeus'
palace on its peak resided
the Twelve Olympians,
which consisted of the
major gods and
goddesses. Depending on
whom you asked, the
exact names of those
twelve changed. The
following are the major
gods and goddesses of
Greek mythology.
Aphrodite
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ROMAN NAME: VENUS
GODDESS OF LOVE AND BEAUTY
Aphrodite was so lovely that the Greeks
couldn't imagine her being born in the
usual way. Instead she sprang from the
white beauty of the sea foam. In an odd
arrangement, this most beautiful goddess
was married to the only ugly Olympian,
HEPHAESTUS, the deformed forge god.
Some said that ZEUS forced her into the
marriage; others, that she chose him
herself. Either way, her vows did not stop
her from having many affairs. Gods and
mortal men found her charms simply
irresistible. Whenever on business
abroad, Aphrodite was pulled through
the sky by a swan-drawn cart. The swan
and the dove were both symbols of her
grace. In Greece her worship was
popular, although the temple priestesses
were rumored to be prostitutes. Our
word aphrodisiac, a passion-inducing
substance, is derived from her name.
Apollo
ROMAN NAME: PHOEBUS
APOLLO
 GOD OF LIGHT, TRUTH,
POETRY, PROPHECY, & MUSIC
 From all the important titles laid at
Apollo's feet, you can see the Greeks
thought very highly of him. He is
called the "most Greek of all the
gods". He, above all others,
represented the ideal man:
handsome, athletic, intelligent,
talented, and good. His twin sister is
ARTEMIS, Goddess of the Moon.
Over time, Apollo came to replace
the Greek god Helios as God of the
Sun as well. The lyre is Apollo's
instrument, as he is the master
musician. Apollo's tree is the laurel.
A wreath of laurels was awarded in
Greece to those who won a contest
of poetry. Apollo's oracle in Delphi
was the most reliable and the most
popular.
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Ares
ROMAN NAME: MARS
GOD OF WAR
 Ares is the cruelest member of the
Olympians, hated by all (even his
mother, HERA). This god is known
for his ruthlessness when he has
the upper-hand and his cowardice
when the tides turn against him.
Even the Greeks disliked this
terrible god. There were no temples
to Ares in ancient Greece.
APHRODITE, in one of her many
infidelities, started an affair with
Ares, which was his motivation to
fight for the Trojans in the great
war. Martial (having to do with war)
and March are coined from his Latin
name.
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Artemis
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ROMAN NAME: DIANA
VIRGIN GODDESS OF THE HUNT,
PROTECTOR OF MAIDENS AND WILD
CREATURES
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Artemis is often called upon by
maidens who want nothing to do with
men. Her silver arrows have slain
many over-zealous suitors. Artemis
was also the twin sister of APOLLO and
revered as the Goddess of the Moon.
At times her different duties contradict
one other. Even though she is a hunter
of animals herself, she often demands
that mortals pay for killing defenseless
beasts. In the most famous case, she
demands that a Greek army offer her a
human sacrifice in apology for
trampling a family of rabbits. She asks
for the life of the general's young
daughter, a maiden. This is strange
behavior for the protector of maidens.
Athena
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ROMAN NAME: MINERVA, PALLAS
ATHENA
GODDESS OF WISDOM AND BATTLE
According to one tale, Athena was not
actually born, but sprang fully-grown
from ZEUS' head. This is symbolic of her
distinction as Goddess of Wisdom.
Athena's animal was the wisest of birds,
the owl. As the leader of the Virgin
Goddesses, those who will never marry,
Athena refuses to let any man to be her
master. When a new city-state was
founded, there was a contest between
Athena and her uncle POSEIDON over
who should be its patron god. The
competition was fierce. To win the
people over to his side, Poseidon formed
the first horse from the crest of a wave.
In order to one-up his gift, Athena
created the bridle, a tool man could use
to subdue Poseidon's creation. Since her
gift was the wiser, the city chose Athena
as their patron goddess. From this point
on the city-state was called Athens.
Demeter
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ROMAN NAME: CERES
GODDESS OF AGRICULTURE
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The Greeks and Romans felt an
extremely strong connection with
Demeter. The goddess was responsible
for providing them with their sustenance
and livelihood. In addition to this,
Demeter was one of the few gods who
did not reside on Olympus. She lived on
earth, where she could be close to those
who needed her most. Also unlike the
other gods, Demeter's existence was
bittersweet. In the fall and winter, she
mourned her daughter, PERSEPHONE.
Only during the spring and summer was
she truly happy. All of these qualities
endeared her to her worshipers. Her
sacred cult at Eleusis was one of the
most popular, and the secrets kept so
well that to this day researchers have no
clue what their rites consisted of. From
Ceres comes our word for grain-based
food, cereal.
Dionysus
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ROMAN NAME: BACCHUS
GOD OF THE VINE AND WINE, PATRON GOD OF
THE THEATRE
Dionysus was a latecomer to Mount Olympus.
He was the only god to have a mortal parent.
Dionysus was a two-sided god. On one side,
he is the gentle planter of the vine. On the
other, he is a wild drinker, inspiring his
followers to commit terrible acts through their
intoxication. Satyrs, half-men half-goat
creatures, were said to be the companions of
Dionysus, along with his fanatical female
followers the maenads. Followers of Dionysus
gathered in the wilderness and drank
themselves into a wild frenzy. More often than
not their gatherings ended with violence. In
many stories, kings, who do not approve of
the new god or the behavior he promotes,
forbids his worship. This probably reflects
Greek society's displeasure with the
worshipers of Dionysus, whom many viewed
as hedonistic drunks. Despite his late addition
by the gods and his initial opposition from
men, Dionysus became one of the most
popular additions to the Greek pantheon.
Athens dedicated its springtime drama festival
to the god, solidifying his place as patron of
the theatre.
Hades
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ROMAN NAME: PLUTO, DIS
RULER OF THE DEAD, LORD OF THE
UNDERWORLD
Although he has been presented as one
before, Hades is no villain. He is cold
and calculating. He keeps to himself,
only showing up in myth when he is
sought out. Hades is more a recluse
than anything else. He has little to do
with mortals' lives. Their deaths are a
different story. Hades is not Death
himself; in other words he is not
responsible for deciding when mortals
die. A mortal's death is an assembly
line: The Fates snip the threads of life,
Thanatos (or death) causes the mortal
to die, HERMES leads the soul to the
banks of the Styx. After the gods
defeated their forebearers, the Titans,
Hades was presented with a helmet of
invisibility and given the Underworld to
rule. Hades' Roman name Pluto came
from the Greek word for wealth. The
god was considered rich because of all
the precious metals that are found
beneath the earth.
Hebe
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ROMAN NAME: NONE
GODDESS OF YOUTH
Hebe is the most easilyoverlooked Greek
goddess. Her only job
was to hold her father,
ZEUS' cup, which
contained the nectar of
the gods. She was later
married to Heracles after
he became a god himself.
Hephaestus
ROMAN NAME: VULCAN
 SMITH-GOD OF THE FORGE,
GOD OF FIRE
 Hephaestus, a peace-loving god,
was the patron of practical arts.
He was renowned for his metalworking abilities. The unparalleled
armor of the gods and heroes
come from his forge. His lame leg
and grizzled appearance earn him
the distinction of being the only
ugly god. In fact, when Hera gave
birth to such an unattractive son,
she hurled him out of heaven,
laming his leg. Ironically,
APHRODITE, Goddess of Beauty,
is his wife. The Romans pictured
the fiery god Vulcan working his
forge beneath the mountains, and
when they saw a hilltop erupt with
flame, they labeled it a volcano.
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Hera
ROMAN NAME: JUNO
 GODDESS OF MARRIAGE,
QUEEN OF OLYMPUS
 Hera is usually shown as a crafty
schemer and jealous wife. She is the
mother of a few of the second
generation gods: ARES,
HEPHAESTUS, and HEBE. ZEUS and
his frequent affairs are enough to
keep her busy, punishing his many
lovers and cursing his illegitimate
children. Even though she cannot
protect her own marriage, Hera is
labeled as the protector of the
institution. Wives with unfaithful
husbands could definitely
sympathize with her. Hera has a
fiery temper and enough venom for
her anger to last centuries. Her
animal is the cow, and her bird is
the peacock. The Romans named
June, the season for marriage, after
Hera (Juno).
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Hermes
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ROMAN NAME: MERCURY
MESSENGER OF THE GODS
Hermes, the most mischievous and clever of
the gods, also served as a psychopomp, a
guide of dead souls to the Underworld. One
of the youngest gods, Hermes showed his
ability to cause both trouble and delight at
an early age. On the day of his birth,
Hermes snuck out from his cradle and
whisked away the cattle of his elder brother
APOLLO. A witness soon reported this to
Apollo, who came to Maia, Hermes's
mother, demanding the return of his
livestock. Maia insisted that Hermes had
been in his cradle the entire time. Hermes
was quickly found out and forced to return
the cattle. But in reparation for his actions
against Apollo, the newborn god created a
lyre from the shell of a turtle. He presented
the stringed instrument to his older brother.
His anger melted away, Apollo presented
Hermes with a magical sleep-inducing staff
called the Caduceus. Once ZEUS realized his
young son would cause nothing but trouble
if his mind weren't constantly occupied, he
gave him with the job of Olympian
Messenger. He was given a winged cap and
sandals to assist him in his duties. Due to
the nature of his job, Hermes appears most
often of all the gods.
Hestia
ROMAN NAME: VESTA
 GODDESS OF THE HEARTH
AND HOME
 Hestia never plays a part in any
Greek myth. Even though she
wasn't exciting enough to make it
into their stories, the Greeks
honored Hestia with their
dinnertime prayers, asking her to
bless their food and protect their
homes. City-states had a central
hearth dedicated to the goddess,
where the fire never went out.
She was the third of the virgin
goddesses. To the Romans she
was the patron goddess of the
Vestal Virgins, who in the Temple
of Vesta kept the hearth fire of
Rome forever burning. Hestia is
one of three virgin goddess, along
with ATHENA and ARTEMIS.
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Persephone
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ROMAN NAME:
PROSERPINE
GODDESS OF SPRINGTIME
Persephone was the daughter
of ZEUS and his sister
DEMETER, the Goddess of the
Harvest. One day while
Persephone was gathering
flowers, HADES spied her in
the meadow. Not wasting a
second, he drove his team of
coal-black steeds up through
the earth and pulled her into
his chariot. Back in the
Underworld, Hades forced her
to be his queen.
Poseidon
ROMAN NAME: NEPTUNE
 BLUE-MANED GOD OF THE
SEAS AND OCEANS
 Next to his brother ZEUS, Poseidon
is the god the Greeks most feared.
As a sea-faring people, they knew
the hazards of a stormy sea. The
god was known for his mood
swings, violent rage one minute,
calm the next--just like the waters
he controlled. In the Trojan War he
favored the Greeks because of
their love of ship-building, yet
legend had it that generations
before, he and APOLLO had helped
build the walls of Ilium (Troy).
When an earthquake, the Greeks
recognized it as the work of
Poseidon Earth-shaker. Poseidon
was married to the Daughter of
Ocean and commanded the waves
with his mighty trident.
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Zeus
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ROMAN NAME: JOVE, JUPITER
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LORD OF THE SKY, RAINBRINGER, CLOUD-GATHERER
After leading his brother and sister
gods in a revolt against their parents,
the Titans, Zeus became the
unquestioned ruler of the Heavens. His
feared weapon is the Thunderbolt, and
his palace on Mount Olympus is a
place of peace, where all gods are
welcome. Zeus is the husband of the
goddess HERA, but it's not in his
nature to be faithful. Time and time
again, he enters into disastrous affairs
with other goddesses, nymphs, and
mortal women. Zeus is the all-father.
Almost all the second generation of
gods claim Zeus as their father. Many
of the mortal heroes are children of
the god as well. Zeus' bird is the
eagle.
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