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9 11 9 2 2 911920 SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY Level 2 Earth and Space Science, 2016 91192 Demonstrate understanding of stars and planetary systems 2.00 p.m. Thursday 10 November 2016 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement with Merit Demonstrate understanding of stars and planetary systems. Demonstrate in-depth understanding of stars and planetary systems. Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of stars and planetary systems. Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page. You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet. If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2 –12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. TOTAL ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY © New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority. 2 RESOURCE Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram –10 Rigel –8 SUPERGIANTS (I) –6 105 104 –4 Absolute Magnitude, My –2 0 102 GIANTS (II, III) 2 MA IN S 4 10 SUBGIANTS (IV) 6 EQ UE NC 1 E (V ) 10–1 8 W 10 H IT E 10–2 D W A R 12 FS 10–3 Barnard’s Star Procyon B 14 10–4 30 000 10 000 7 000 6 000 4 000 Effective Temperature, K Adapted from: http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/h/hertzsprung-russell+diagram Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 Luminosity compared to Sun 103 3 This page has been deliberately left blank. The examination continues on the following page. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 4 QUESTION ONE: HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL (HR) DIAGRAM Barnard’s star and Procyon B are different classes of stars that have a similar luminosity in the night sky. (a) Use the HR diagram on page 2 to describe THREE characteristics of Barnard’s star and Procyon B, and then use these characteristics to compare and contrast the luminosity of Barnard’s star and Procyon B. Characteristic Barnard’s Star Procyon B Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY 5 (b) Use your evidence from (a) to determine which of Barnard’s star or Procyon B was initially smaller, and justify your choice. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY 6 QUESTION TWO: FORMATION OF PLUTO ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY In 2006 Pluto, previously regarded as the smallest, lowest mass, planet, was reclassified as a dwarf planet, causing a huge amount of media attention. Saturrn Jupiter Uranus Pluto Neptune Adapted from: http://nineplanets.org/overview.html Use your knowledge of planets in our solar system, and the overview of the planet’s orbital paths above, to explain why Pluto was reclassified from a planet to a dwarf planet. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 7 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 8 QUESTION THREE: RIGEL ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel#/media/File:Rigel,_Rutherfurd_Observatory,_09_September_2014.jpeg Rigel is a blue-white supergiant star, approximately 75 times the size of the Sun. Explain in detail the three life stages of Rigel in terms of gravity, mass, fuel source and use, and energy changes. You may refer to the HR diagram on page 2 to assist your answer, and you may draw an annotated diagram(s) in the box below. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 9 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY More space for this answer is available on the following page. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 10 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 11 QUESTION NUMBER Extra paper if required. Write the question number(s) if applicable. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY 12 9 11 9 2 QUESTION NUMBER Extra paper if required. Write the question number(s) if applicable. Earth and Space Science 91192, 2016 ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY