Download Imperialism

Chapters 18 Review American History I.
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Policy of Imperialism: a. Imperialism is a countries policy and practice of creating an empire and maintaining control to expand their control of raw materials, and the world market. i. This is done by conquering other countries and establishing them as colonies ii. This was done by Japan, Europe and the United States. iii. Admiral Alfred T. Mehan a. Advocate of imperialism b. Believed the United States needed to expand the navy. i. Wanted the U. S. to build a modern naval fleet to protect American investments world‐wide. c. Advocated establishing naval bases and refueling stations in the Caribbean and in the Pacific Ocean. d. Wanted a canal build to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans to shorten the time it would take to go from one to the other. II. United States Policies for Overseas Expansion Causes
* Business need for raw materials for factories: i.e. silk, rubber • Business needs for new markets for surplus goods • Economic competition develops among the industrial nations • Countries seek strategic military locations • Manifest Destiny ↓ United States Policies for Overseas Expansion ↓ Effects
• Build a stronger navy by the United States • United States gains land in the Pacific region and the Caribbean • United States develops the “Open Door” policy with China • The Panama Canal is built • United States sends troops to protect interests and quell rebellions III.
Annexation of Hawaii a.
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Hawaii had been used by American merchants as a stop between the United States and China and East India. American missionaries children and grandchildren invest in sugar plantations i. Sold good to the United States beginning in 1875 with no duty. McKinley Tariff passed in 1890 ended the duty free status of Hawaiian sugar. i. Now had to compete with the other sugar growing nations. Hawaiian sugar growers want to annex to the United States to avoid paying the import tax. United States military leaders and economic leaders push to have a navy base at Pearl Harbor. i. Established in 1887. Hawaiian business men are encouraged by Ambassador John L. Steven to organize a revolution on the islands i. Marines are sent to help overthrow Queen Liluokalani ii. Setup a government headed by Stanford B. Dole The United States is pushed to formally recognize the “Republic of Hawaii” when Dole refused to put Liluokalani back into power. i. Refused the request to annex Hawaii to the United States until a majority of the Hawaiians approved. 1. Never happened! William McKinley favored annexation of Hawaii i. Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii as a territory in 1898. IV.
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America’s Economic Interest in Cuba has two factors a. Sugar plantations b. Military base to protect the southern coast of the United States Who did Americans support in Cuba? a. Some Americans supported Spain in the Cuban revolution i. Wanted Spain to protect their business interests on Cuba b. Other Americans supported Cuban rebels. i. Saw a little of American history in the Cuban peoples plight for independence. Cuba staged two rebellions for independence from Spain in 1868 and 1898. a. First attempt failed in Cuban independence from Spain i. Did however end slavery on the island b. Second attempt was organized through a Cuban journalist and poet named Jose Marfi who was exiled and living in New York City. i. Organized a gorilla campaign against property owners and the Spanish government. 1. Destroyed American property to provoke the United States to intervene c. Spain sent General Valerinao Weyler to Cuba to restore order on the island in 1896. i. Created Concentration Camps for the entire rural population of central and western Cuba. 1. Hoped without their assistance to the rebels he could restore order 2.
Placed an estimated 300,000 people in these camps a. Many died of starvation and disease VII. Factors that increased American Hostility toward Spain concerning Cuba ↓ Yellow Journalism
o Americans were inundated with exaggerated news to gain circulation o Spanish General, Valeriano Weyler is sent to Cuba to quell the Cuban rebellion and his brutality are covered by American Newspapers a. Creates Concentration Camps in an effort to restore order on the Island b. American Newspapers refer to Weyler as a “butch” i. American newspapers infer that he is throwing Cuban children to the sharks ↓ DeLôme Letter
o Spanish minister to the United States has a private letter stolen with negative comments about the United States. i. Letter criticized President McKinley 1. Referred to McKinley as a weak President and a “bidder of ii. Letter was published in the New York Journal. o DeLôme apologized and resigned i. Americans were still very angry regardless of the apology ↓ Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine
o The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana harbor days after the DeLôme letter was published i. More than 260 men died in the explosion * American newspapers jumped on the news of the Maine. * Publisher William Randolph Hearst offered a $50,000 reward leading to the capture of the Spaniards responsible for the explosion. VII.
United States goes to war with Spain a. After the explosion on the U.S.S. Maine the United States made demands on Spain VIII.
i. Spain agreed to almost all the demands 1. Including a six‐month cease‐ fire b. Spain’s agreement to American demands did not ease the American people’s desire to go to war. i. McKinley asked Congress to declare war against Spain on April 20, 1898 c. America began the war in the Philippine Islands i. George Dewey commanded the fleet that opened fire in Manila Harbor. 1. Destroyed all of the Spanish ships in the harbor with hours. a. Made way for troops to go ashore and support the Filipinos in their bid for independence. ii. Spain surrendered in the Philippines after two months of fighting. d. The war in the Caribbean began when the United States blockaded Cuba. i. Admiral William T. Sampson forced the Spanish fleet to remain in Santiago Harbor in Cuba. Consequences of the Spanish‐American war for Spain and the United States a. At the peace talks in Paris, Spain lost several territories i. Guam ii. Puerto Rico iii. Cuba iv. Sold the Philippine Island to the United States for $20 million b. Treaty created debates in the United States i. Reasons the United States intervened in the Philippine Islands 1. Christianize the Filipinos 2. Keep Germany, Japan and France from taking the islands as colonies 3. Belief the Filipinos were unfit for self‐rule 4. Could not return the territory to Spain ii. The question arose about whether or not the treaty violated the Declaration of Independence 1. Denying the Philippine Islands the right to self‐govern itself as a new territory. iii. Booker T. Washington expressed his opinion about annexing another nation and dealing with its issues. 1. Believed we should settle race‐related issue in the United States before dealing with problems elsewhere. iv. Samuel Gompers feared the labor issues in the United States were an issue. 1. Feared Filipino immigrants would compete for American jobs. IX.
Ruling Puerto Rico a. Puerto Ricans were not unanimous in wanting their independence. i. Some wanted statehood and others wanted a local self‐government as an American territory. 1. During the war, Puerto Rico was occupied by American military a. General Nelson a. Miles was in charge. i.
Assured the natives that the United States was there to protect them and their property ii.
Made them believe that the U.S. was there to promote prosperity and democracy. 2. After the Spanish‐American War, the United States did not guarantee independence. a. The island was important to the United States for strategic reasons. i. Showing presence in the Caribbean ii. Protecting a future canal the U.S. wanted to build across the Isthmus of Panama. b. Congress passed the Foraker Act in 1900. i. This Act ended military rule in Puerto Rico ii. Setup a Civilian Government 1. Gave the President the power to appoint a governor for the island and the members of the upper house of the legislature. a. Citizens could only elect the lower house legislature X.
Insular Cases a. The United States Supreme Court made a ruling that affected acquired territories of the United States in 1901. i. Ruled the Constitution did not automatically apply to individuals who are citizens of an American territory. 1. It did retain the right to extend American citizenship to territories. a. Puerto Rico received that right in 1917. XI.
Teller Amendment a. Passed by Congress in 1898 b. Amendment stated that the United States had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba. i. Followed the Treaty of Paris ii. United States recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain. Platt Amendment a. Added to the Cuban constitution at the insistence of the United States. i. Reason was that the constitution did not specify the relationship between Cuba and the United States. b. Amendment made several provisions to the Cuban constitution i. Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit foreign powers to control any part of Cuban territory ii. United States has the right to intervene in Cuba iii. Cuba could not go into debt iv. United States could buy or lease land in Cuba for naval and refueling stations. c. The United States would not withdraw its military until Cuba agreed to the amendment. XII.
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i. Cubans protested the amendment by marching on Governor‐General Leonard Wood’s residence in Cuba. ii. Saw the amendment as an insult 1. Some wanted to go to war to avoid ratifying the amendment. iii. Finally ratified to the Cuban constitution in 1903 1. Cuba was reluctant to ratifying it to their constitution. d. Cuba became a protectorate of the United States under the Platt Amendment i. Lasted for 31 years. ii. Cuba was partially controlled by the United States e. Reason the United States wanted the Platt Amendment was to protect American business interests in Cuba. i. Sugar ii. Tobacco iii. Mining iv. Railroads v. Public utilities Philippine‐American War a. Began in February 1899. b. Revolt in reaction to the Treaty of Paris i. United States took on the roll that was almost identical to that of Spain ii. Believed the United States had promised Filipino’s independence c. Used guerrilla tactics which forced the United States into imposing natives to live in designated zones. i. Same practice that we condemned Spain for imposing in Cuba 1. Forced Filipino’s to live in areas of poor sanitation 2. Many were starving 3. Many died of diseases d. American military looked on Filipinos as inferior during our occupation i. Approximately 70,000 of American troops were African Americans stationed in the Philippines during this time. ii. African American newspapers questioned the reason for blacks helping spread racial prejudice in the Philippines 1. Some African Americans deserted to help the Filipino’s cause e. Rebellion took the United States almost three years to end i. Approximately 20,000 Filipino’s rebels died ii. Approximately 4,000 Americans died iii. Cost to the United States approximately $400 million 1. It was 20 times the amount the United States paid for the islands. XIV.
McKinley reelected in 1900: a. McKinley was a reluctant but confirmed imperialist b. His reelection confirmed the majority of Americans were pro imperialism i. The United States had gained an empire under McKinley’s Presidency XV.
Anti‐Imperialists a. The Anti‐Imperialist League was formed before McKinley was reelected in 1900. b. Apposed the United States ruling other people without their consent c.
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Had an impressive membership to fight American Imperialism i. Grover Cleveland ii. Andrew Carnegie iii. Jane Addams iv. Samuel Clemens Roosevelt’s role in the Russo‐Japanese War: a. Roosevelt was approached by Japanese officials i. Asked to mediate peace negotiation b. Roosevelt met with Russian and Japanese delegates in 1905 i. Negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth 1. Japan and Russia meet Roosevelt in Portsmouth , New Hampshire to work out their differences a. Japan wanted Sakhalin Island off the coast of Siberia and a great deal of money from Russia i. Russia refused! 2. Roosevelt persuades both Japan and Russia to compromise a. Japan got one half of Sakhalin Island and no money b. Russia agreed to let Japan have its interests in Manchuria and Korea c. Roosevelt won the noble peace prize for the Treaty of Portsmouth. XVII.
Panama Canal is built XVIII. Roosevelt Corollary a. An extension of the Monroe Doctrine concerning Latin America b. Financial factors brought the United States into Latin American affairs i. Latin American countries had borrowed huge amounts of money from European banks for internal improvements 1. Railroads 2. Develop industries c. Roosevelt feared European intervention in Latin America if they defaulted on their loans i. He wanted Europe to know the United States was the predominant power in the Caribbean and Central America under the corollary 1. Warned that disorder in Latin America might lead the United States to intervene a. Exercise force as an international police power b. Protect American economic interests in Latin America XIX.
Dollar Diplomacy a. United States exercised its police power several times in the next ten years. i. A rebellion in Nicaragua 1. Nation almost bankrupt ii. United States arranged for bank loans 1. In exchange, bankers could recover monies by customs duties and taking control of banks and the railroad in Nicaragua b. United States sent 2,000 marines in to help quell the rebellion i. Military presence stays until 1933 c. Taft administration used the United States government monies to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by businessmen i. With the use of the United States’ economic power it exerted its influence over other countries. XX.
Missionary Diplomacy a. Enacted by Woodrow Wilson in 1913 b. Added a moral tone to the Monroe Doctrine i. Stated the United States had a moral responsibility to not recognize any Latin American nation that went against the principle of American democracy 1. Undemocratic 2. Hostile to American interest 3. Deemed oppressive ii. Changed American policy of recognizing any national government regardless of their policies or how they came into power. c. Wilson’s policy pressured Western Hemisphere nations to establish democratic governments. i. Mexican Revolution put the Missionary Diplomacy to a test. XXI.
American intervention in the Mexican Revolution a. Porfirio Diaz was a military dictator for thirty years in Mexico i. Considered a friend to the United States 1. Encouraged foreign investments a. Result was large American investments in the country i. Oil wells ii. Mines iii. Railroads iv. Ranches b. Mexican land owners and Americans had become very rich under Diaz rule i. Common people of Mexico were extremely poor and desperate c. Peasants and workers in Mexico overthrew Diaz in 1911 i. Lead by Francisco Madero 1. Promised democratic reforms with little success ii. Landowners, peasants, factory workers and urban middle class had conflicting demands to Madero d. General Victoriano Huerta took over the government two years later. i. Madero was murdered within days. e. Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government i. Referred to it as a “government of butchers.” f.
Wilson adopted a “watch and wait“ plan to act against Huerta i. Huerta ‘s men arrested American sailors in 1914, but quickly released them with an apology 1. Wilson used the incident to intervene in Mexico. a. Sent Marines in to Veracruz 2. The move on Veracruz brought Mexico and the U.S. close to war. j. Latin American countries stepped in to mediate. 1. Proposed that Huerta step down 2. Suggest U.S. troops withdraw a. No restitution to Mexico would be paid for damages 3. Mexico rejected the plan and Wilson refused to recognize the Mexican government k. Huerta’s regime collapsed and Venustiano Carranza becomes the new Mexican leader. 1. The United States recognized this government and withdrew troops l. Rebel leaders in Mexico did not support Carranza 1. Poncho Villa 2. Emilian Zapata m. Villa followers entered into the United States and killed Americans followed by killing American engineers invited to operate mines in northern Mexico. 1. President Wilson sent in John Pershing and approximately 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa dead or alive. 2. Additional 150,000 national guardsmen were stated at the Mexican border after failure to catch Villa n. Mexican were angry over American invasion and Mexican troops were sent to confront American troops 1. Carranza demanded U. S. troops leave Mexico and Wilson refused a. With war imminent, both countries backed down o. U.S. intervention in Mexican affairs was an example of imperialistic attitude in this country during the early 20th century 1. Superiority of free‐enterprise democracy 2. American governments attempt extend the reach of our economic and political system a. Even if it meant armed intervention p. United States achieved several foreign policy goals during this time. 1. Expansion of foreign markets for domestic economic growth 2. Built a modern navy to protect our interest abroad 3. Exercised international policy to ensure power over Latin America.