Download Protista, Fungi, and Plantae

Biology PreAP 2013
Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, and Plantae
A. Kingdom Protista - p. 497-520
1. What is a protist?
2. List the general characteristics of Kingdom Protista.
3. Name the three main divisions of this kingdom. (See title of sections 20-2; 20-3; 20-5)
4. Give 3 examples of animal-like protists (often referred to as protozoans).
5. List some general characteristics of animal-like protists.
6. How do protists reproduce (p.502)?
7. Two special features that protozoans have are an anal pore and contractile vacuole. What is the
function of each? (p.502)
8. Describe three different methods of movement in animal-like protists.
9. Some protists cause disease in humans. Name and describe 3 diseases caused by protists. (p.503504)
10. Review the life cycle of Plasmodium (p. 503 figure 20-7). How many types of reproduction are
shown in the life cycle?
11. Some protists play essential roles in the living world. Describe the importance of the protist
Trichonympha. (p.505)
12. What are the plant-like protists most commonly called? (p.506)
13. List three examples of the plant-like protists.
14. Describe the characteristics of the plant-like protists.
15. Review the life cycle of an algal protist on p.514. Describe what a haploid generation and
diploid generation mean, according to figure 20-18.
17. Describe movement in the plant-like protists. How do they get their energy for this?
18. Describe the importance of the plant-like protists to ecology. p.508
19. Name some human uses of algae p.515
20. Describe the general characteristics of fungus-like protists (p.516)
21. Slime molds and water molds are fungus-like protists play an important role in the environment.
What is their primary role?
22. Read about the potato famine on p.520. What organism caused this situation and briefly
describe what happened as a result of this organism.
Activity #1: PROTISTS
Make a careful sketch of each different protist. Remember to begin by focusing on low power and then
switch to high power.
1. Place the name of the organism beneath the picture AND the magnification
2. Next to each picture explain how each organism moves.
3. Discuss in your conclusion what these organisms have in common and how they are different.
B. Kingdom Fungi – p. 526-542
1. Describe 3 ways that fungi differ from plants. (Review your “kingdoms” notes)
2. How does fungal digestion differ from animals? (p.527)
3. Define the terms hyphae and mycelium and their role in obtaining nutrients. (p.528)
4. What is the function of the fruiting body? (p.528)
5. What do fungi normally feed on, in general terms? p.537. Pleurotus ostreatus is an exception.
How does this particular organism obtain its food?
6. How do fungi reproduce? (p.528)
7. Briefly describe spores and their dispersal. (p.529)
8. What is the role of fungi in the environment? Sometimes the role is helpful while other times it
is harmful. Elaborate about both.
9. Fungi play an essential role in maintaining equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain. (p.538)
10. Fungi can form symbiotic relationships in environments. Review the picture of a lichen in fig.
21-16. What 2 groups of organisms grow together (mutualistic) in lichens? (p. 540)
11. Describe 3 examples of fungi as parasites. (p.538-539)
C . Kingdom Plantae
1. Describe three characteristics of plants (p.551)
2. By what process do plants give us oxygen?
3. Give 5 examples of foods that we eat that are plants. (thought question)
4. Give 5 examples of NON-FOOD uses of plants. (thought question)
5. If all of the plants on earth were to die tomorrow, what effect would that have on the
heterotrophs? (thought question - be specific)
6. Name and describe the 2 plant generations in the plant life cycle. (p.552)
7. What are the requirements for plant survival? (p.552)
8. What kind of organism did the first plants evolve from? (p.553)
9. Botanists divide the plant kingdom into 4 groups based on 3 important features. Sketch the
cladogram on p.554 fig 22-6. Include the 4 types of plants and their derived characters. Make a
star next to the most numerous of the plant groups (according to the graph on p.555)
10. Describe how bryophytes are adapted to life on land. Give examples of bryophytes. (p.556)
11. Bryophytes do not have vascular tissue. Define vascular tissue. (p.560)
12. Why are bryophytes limited in size and habitat? (p.556)
13. Review the life cycle of a moss. (fig 22-11 p.558)
a. Which generation is dominant? Gametophyte or Sporophyte?
b. Sketch a bryophyte (moss) and label the gametophyte and sporophyte generations.
c. Indicate which generation produces spores, and which produces gametes.
14. Where does meiosis occur in the moss? (p.558 fig 22-11)
15. Ferns are an example of a seedless vascular plant. Explain why ferns are better adapted to life on
land than bryophytes.
16. Review the life cycle of a fern. (fig 22-17 p.563)
a. Which generation is dominant? Gametophyte or Sporophyte?
b. Sketch a fern frond (sporophyte) and a mature gametophyte.
c. Indicate which generation produces spores, and which produces gametes.
17. Where does meiosis occur in the above life cycle?
18. Why are ferns still limited to a tropical habitat? What is required for fertilization to occur?
(p.562)
Activity #2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
D. Vascular Plants (seed plants)
1. Name the 2 major groups of vascular plants.
2. Describe 3 adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water. (p.564)
3. What are gymnosperms? List examples. (p.566)
4. Describe 2 features of conifer leaves that allow them to survive dry and/or cold conditions.
(p.568)
5. What are angiosperms? List examples (p.569)
6. Describe the structure and function of the unique reproductive structures of flowering plants
(fruits). (p.569 fig 22-24)
7. What are the three principal organs of seed plants? (p.579)
8. Describe three functions of roots. (p.579)
9. Describe four functions of stems.
10. Describe three functions of leaves
11. Name and describe the function of root hairs, epidermis, and vascular tissue.
12. Name and give the function of the three basic types of plant tissues: Dermal tissue, Vascular
tissue, and Ground tissue. (p.581)
13. Describe and give the function of the two kinds of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem.
14. Distinguish between taproots and fibrous roots. (p.584)
15. What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth? (p.590-591)
16. Complete “analyzing data” questions 1-4 (p.592)
17. If a tree is 100 feet tall, how does water reach the very top leaves?
18. Some stems are “modified”. Give examples of modified stems. (p.594)
19. What is transpiration? (p. 587)
20. What role do the stomata play in gas exchange? (p.587) Where are the stomata found?
21. Give examples of leaf adaptations (p. 598)
22. Water movement in a plant against the force of gravity is able to occur due to what 2 processes?
23. Explain how nutrients move through the phloem. Include in your explanation, translocation,
sink, source, and the pressure flow hypothesis. (p. 601-602)
24. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
25. Why do plants do both photosynthesis and respiration?
26. What two products of photosynthesis do animals use?
E. Reproduction with cones (gymnosperm reproduction)
1. What is “alternation of generations”? (p.609)
2. How do gymnosperms reproduce? Sketch the life cycle. (p.611)
3. What is the difference between a pollen cone and a seed cone?
4. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization? (p.610-611)
F. Reproduction with flowers (angiosperm reproduction)
1. Describe the functions of the following parts of a flower: sepals, petals, stamen, carpels (p.612)
2. Label the parts of a flower and give the function of each. Include: pistil (carpel), stigma, style,
ovary, stamen, anther, filament, petal. (p. 612)
3. How are most flowering plants pollinated? (p.615)
4. Distinguish between self-pollination and cross-pollination. Why is cross-pollination adaptive?
G. Seed Development and germination
5. What is the function of a seed? P.618)
6. Sketch the parts of a seed. (p.616)
7. Why are seeds so well adapted for life on land?
8. Describe 3 ways seeds are dispersed. (p.619)
9. How are fruits adaptive?
Activity #3 Part A FLOWERS and FRUITS (possible demo)
1. Carefully observe the flowers at your lab table. Sketch each and determine if it is a monocot or a
dicot. Label all of the structures – petals, sepals, carpel and stamen including stigma, style, ovary,
anther, and filament. Color!
2. What stage of the life cycle of a plant are you observing? Explain.
3. What part of the flower will develop into the seed and the fruit?
4. Sketch the fruits at your table. Label the parts that were originally part of the flower.
Part B SEED STRUCTURE
1. On page 571, observe the sketch of a seed.
2. Obtain a bean seed and carefully remove the outer seed coat.
3. Carefully separate the two cotyledons.
4. Observe the embryo plant using your dissecting microscope.
5. Sketch the seed with the embryo inside. Label: seed coat, cotyledon, embryo (hypocotyl, epicotyl,
and radical).
6. Describe the function of each of the labeled parts.
7. Why is a seed such an important adaptation to life on land?
8. What is dormancy? (p.620) How is it adaptive?
H. Plant Responses (tropisms)
1. All living cells respond to their environment in some way. How do plants do this? Define
hormone. (p.634)
2. Develop a data table to compare the following plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and
gibberellins. Include a column for the hormone name and its function. (p.634-638)
3. What is the difference between phototropism and gravitropism? (p.634-635)
Activity #4 – LAB – GRAVITROPISM IN SEEDS – see handout provided