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Biology
Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
Chapter 18 Notes
What are Autotrophic organism?
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An organism that has the capacity to satisfy its requirements for carboncontaining nutrients by the fixation, reduction and incorporation of carbon
dioxide from the environment. Green plants, which derive their energy
from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis, represent a major
group of autotrophic organisms.
The terms means "self feeding" in Greek.
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An organism that makes its own food (as in plants).
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Capable of growth independent of outside sources of nutrients or growth
factors.
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Organisms such as plants and some bacteria, which produce their own
food from inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and inorganic
nitrogen (example: photosynthesis).
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the ability to produce organic food without eating other organisms
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Said of organisms that use sunlight to create food.
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self-sustaining, do not require outside food sources
What is a Heterotrofic Organism?
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Requiring organic substrates for growth and development; being incapable
of synthesizing required organic materials from inorganic sources.
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Organisms that obtains nourishment from the ingestion and breakdown of
organic matter such as plants and animals.
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Obtaining organic food by eating other organisms or their by-products
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An organism incapable of producing organic compound from inorganic
materials and thus must rely on other living or dead organisms for its food
supply.
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Dependent on organic matter for food.
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Not self-sustaining, requires input from other sources; for example,
heterotrophic bacteria use decomposing plants and animals on which to
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Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
feed.
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An organism that does not make its own food and must consume other
organisms.
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A heterotroph (Greek heteron = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is an
organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and
development. Contrast with autotrophs which use carbon dioxide as sole
carbon source. All animals are heterotrophic, as well as fungi and many
bacteria. Some parasitic plants have also turned fully or partially
heterotrophic, whereas carnivorous plants use their flesh diet to augment
their nitrogen supply, but are still autotrophic.
What is Taxonomy?
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This is the scientific discipline of naming organisms. It was started by
Carolus Linné (Carl Linneaus), perhaps the most famous taxonomist.
Taxonomy is one of the three branches of Systematics.
The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural
relationships.
The science or technique of classification of organisms
The science of classification of organisms on the basis of their supposed
evolutionary relationships. For more information see the classification of
animals.
The classification of organisms to show relationships to other organisms.
Who was Carolus Linneaus?
Carl Linn, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné , and who
wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January
10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern
scheme of taxonomy. He is also considered one of the fathers of modern
ecology.
What is the Scientific name?
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The internationally recognized Latin name of an organist will be
descriptive of the feature of this organism.
The name of the species will consist of two parts, the genus name and
the species name.
This system was first started in 1753 by a Swedish botanist, Linnaeus.
A unique identifier consisting of a genus and a species name (the specific
epithet) in Latin, assigned to each recognized and described species of
organism. Based on the Linnean system of classification. Susceptible to
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Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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considerable blurring at the edges because, as Darwin came to realize,
nature has not packaged living things into neatly discrete entities. cf
cultivar; pathovar.
Formal nomenclatural designation of a taxon. Also called the taxonomic
name.
Used in scientific writings to reduce confusion of multiple common names,
the scientific name (or Latin name) of an animal is two words long
consisting of the genus and species names.
The entire name is written in italics (sometimes underlined), with the
genus capitalized. For example, Canis domesticus.
Every organism (animal, plant, fungus, protist, prokaryote) is given a
scientific name. This way, scientists and other people from around the
world can talk about the same thing.
Many countries also give an organism a "common name." For example,
the species Rana catesbeiana is called "Bullfrog" in America.
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The formal binomial name of an organism consisting of the genus and
species names; a species has only one valid scientific name.
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The Latin name of genus and species of an organism. Scientific names
are used to avoid confusion that can result from the use of common
names, which may vary from one area to another.
What is binomial nomenclature?
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In biology, binomial nomenclature is a standard convention used for
naming species. As the word 'binomial' suggests, the scientific name of a
species is formed by the combination of two terms: the genus name and
the species epithet or descriptor. The first term (generic name) is always
capitalized, while the specific epithet (trivial "name") is not; both are to be
typeset in italics, e.g. Homo sapiens. The genus name can be abbreviated
to its initial letter, but never omitted. Example. Homo erectus can be
written as H. erectus.
What is a Kingdom?
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In biology, a kingdom or regnum is the top-level, or nearly the toplevel, taxon of organisms in scientific classification. Originally two
kingdoms were distinguished: the Animalia for animals, and the
Vegetabilia or Plantae for plants. Early authors also treated
minerals in a third kingdom Mineralia. Each kingdom was divided
into classes, later grouped into phyla for animals and divisions for
plants.
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Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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In the scientific system of classification (taxonomy), kingdom is the
first division by which all known life is divided. There is some
argument regarding the division of single-celled organisms, but a
common five-kingdom system is often utilized including Animalia,
Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Bacteria and archea
What is a Phylum?
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A primary division of the animal kingdom.
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Division of primary rank in the classification of the animal and plant
kingdoms.
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The second highest taxonomic classification for the kingdom,
between kingdom level and class level.
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The second largest group that scientists classify living things into.
Each Kingdom (Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, Moneran) is split into
phyla. Example: The Chordate Phylum (animals with backbones) is
in the Animal Kingdom.
Description: In taxonomy and systematics, the highest level of
classification below the kingdom. For instance, Mollusca (slugs,
snails, clams, squids, etc.) constitute a phylum. Source: None
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Phyla (pl.): the second biggest grouping in taxonomy. Phyla are
groups of classes with shared characteristics. For example, the
Chordate phylum is made up of classes of animals which have
spines or notochords. The equivalent to phylum for plants is a
division - for example, flowering plants are defined into the
antrophyta
division
of
the
plant
kingdom.
What is a Class?
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Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists
group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms.
Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carolus
Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical
characteristics.
These groupings have been revised since Linnaeus to improve
consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent.
In the scientific system of classification (taxonomy), class is the
division between phylum and order.
Some example from the phylum chordata are:
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Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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Class Mammalia
Class Aves
Class Reptilia
Calss Amphibia
What is an Order?
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Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists
group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms.
Higher taxon consisting of one or more families and distinct from
other taxa of similar rank.
What is a Family?
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Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists
group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms under
a particular order.
What is a Genus?
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biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of
living organisms having one or more related and morphologically
similar species.
In the common binomial nomenclature, the name of an organism is
composed of two parts: its genus (always capitalized) and a
species modifier. An example is Homo sapiens, the name for the
human
species which belongs to the genus Homo.
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A group of closely related species.
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A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species
and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar
characteristics. In taxonomic nomenclature the genus name is
used, either alone or followed by a Latin adjective or epithet, to
form the name of a species.
What is a Species?
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In biology taxonomic group whose members can interbreed.
In biology, a species is, loosely speaking, a group of related
organisms that share a more or less distinctive form and are
capable of interbreeding.
Biology
Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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As defined by Ernst Mayr, species are "groups of actually or
potentially interbreeding natural populations which are
reproductively isolated from other such groups" .
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the taxonomic division of freely interbreeding population of wild or
naturally occurring individuals below genus.
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A group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can
interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring.
a group of organisms that have a unique set of characteristics (like
body shape and behavior) that distinguishes them from other
organisms. If they reproduce, individuals within the same species
can produce fertile offspring. (2) the basic unit of biological
classification. Scientists refer to species using both their genus and
species name.
The basic unit of living things, consisting of a group of individuals
which all look more or less alike and which can all breed with each
other to produce another generation of similar creatures. It is the
category of biological classification ranking between the genus and
the race, or "subspecies".
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What is a Domain?
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In biology, a domain or empire is the top-level grouping of
organisms in scientific classification.
There three Domain:
o Archea
o Bacteria
o Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
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The kingdom that includes animals, heterotrophic multicellular
organisms that undergo embryonic development.
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Kingdom which includes organisms which have a true nucleus
(eukaryotic), are muticellular, and heterotrophic (do not make
their own food). Animals also have nervous and muscle tissue,
body semmetry, and identifiable body parts (example: eyes,
legs, antennae, a digestive system).
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Animalia include the animals of this world and represent the
largest of the five kingdom (more species than any other
kingdom).
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs.
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Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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Animals generally have the greatest degree of system
development since they generally have senses for detecting
food and mobility to capture it. Animals form all of the consumer
levels of the food web in any ecosystem.
Kingdom that includes organisms that eat and digest other
organisms to acquire their nutrients.
Plantae Kingdom
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A taxonomic kingdom consisting of vegetable organisms which
have chlorophyll enabling them to make their own food. Plants
lack specialized sensory organs as well as the ability to move
voluntarily.
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Plantae include mosses, liverworts, ferns, confers and flowering
plants. Plants are multicellular. eukaryotic, photosynthetic
organisms that form the basis of the food web in terrestrial
ecosystems.
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Kingdom including multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that
(usually) conduct photosynthesis.
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The taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants
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Plants are a major group of living things (about 300,000
species), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers,
herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between
plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs. In
Linnaeus' system, this became the Kingdom Plantae.
Fungi Kingdom
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Fungi can be classify are saprophytic and parasitic organisms
that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts,
mushrooms and yeast; singular, fungus.
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Mushrooms.
All member of this species are heterotrophic organisms.
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Fungus: A class of cellular plantlike organism, of which
Mushrooms, Toadstools, and Moulds, are familiar examples.
Biology
Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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A group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients
from dead or living organic matter.
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Aerobic, multicellular, nonphotosynthetic, heterotrophic some
can be microorganisms.
The fungi include mushrooms, yeast, molds, and smuts. Most
fungi are saprophytes, obtaining their nourishment from dead
organic matter. Along with bacteria, fungi are the principal
organisms responsible for the decomposition of carbon in the
biosphere. Fungi have two ecological advantages over bacteria:
Fungi can grow in low moisture areas and in low pH
environments.
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Organisms that can cause a number of diseases in humans,
including ringworm and athlete's foot.
Protista Kingdom
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the Greek word first, in some systems of classification, a
kingdom comprising both animal-like and plantlike unicellular
organisms with distinct nuclei, ie, the eukaryotes, including
protozoa, algae (except blue-green algae or cyanobacterias),
and certain intermediate forms. In some other systems, Protista
includes only the protozoa.
Organisms in this Kingdom are unicellular and have a true
nucleus (eukaryotic). They may be heterotrophic or autothrophic
(able to make their own food). They may also be motile or
sessile.
kingdom encompassing all unicellular organisms which possess
cells with a true nucleus.
What are Bacteria?
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Very small, single-celled life forms that can reproduce quickly.
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Tiny one-celled organisms.
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Microscopic, single-celled organisms.
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A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause
infections and disease in animals and humans. The singular of
bacteria is bacterium.
Biology
Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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Small single celled organisms. They are known as prokaryotes,
which are classified together because they lack nuclear
membranes. They are the most primitive living beings, but help in
the nitrogen cycle.
What is a prokaryote?
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A prokaryote is an organism, examples: a mycoplasma, a bluegreen alga or a bacterium, whose cells contain no membranebound nucleus or other membranous organelles.
Organisms,
namely bacteria and cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green
algae), characterized by the possession of a simple naked DNA
chromosome, occasionally two such chromosomes, usually of
circular structure, without a nuclear membrane and possessing a
very small range of organelles, generally only a plasma membrane
and ribosomes.
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Organisms lacking a true nucleus.
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A cell or organism without a membrane-bound nucleus. All bacteria
are prokaryotes.
What are Cyanobacteria?
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Are prokaryotic organisms without organized chloroplasts but
having chlorophyll a and oxygen-evolving photosynthesis; capable
of fixing nitrogen in heterocysts; occurring in lichens both as
primary photobionts and as internal or external cephalodia; still
commonly called blue-green algae.
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Also known as blue-green algae.
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A class of bacteria, which make use of oxygen producing
photosynthesis.
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A type of bacteria living in damp soil or rocks, or fresh or salt water,
that performs photosynthesis, a process in which light, energy,
water, and carbon dioxide are converted into oxygen and
carbohydrates (sugars).
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A large and varied group of bacteria which possess chlorophyll a
and which carry out photosynthesis in the presence of light and air,
producing oxygen. They were formerly regarded as algae and were
called "blue-green" algae.
Biology
Mr. Luis A. Velázquez
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The group is very old and is believed to have been the first
oxygen-producing organisms on Earth.
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The smallest plankton (< 0.2 µm) blue-green algae are abundant in
the oceans and sometimes in freshwater. Their outer membrane is
very hard to digest; not much larger plankton eat them until that
membrane is destroyed by a few species of bacteria and virus.
They also may form large algae cluster mats.
What are archaebacteria?
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Proposed, but not widely accepted, sixth taxonomic kingdom that
would include the archaebacteria.
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From the greek, archein= to begin, also called the Archaebacteria The
kingdom (or "domain") of single-celled organisms that live under
extreme environmental conditions and have distinctive biochemical
features.
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A prokaryotic form of life that forms a domain in the tree of life. There
are three domains: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Bacteria are also
prokaryotic organisms.
Primitive, bacteria-like organism living in high-temperature
environments.
Prokaryotes consisting of the methogens, most extreme halophiles and
hyperthermophiles, and thermoplasma.
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The Archaea are a major group of prokaryotes. Their classification
among living things is difficult because they are similar to bacteria in
some respects but similar to eukaryotes in others.