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Botanical Terminology See Glossary (begins P. 1359). External features of: Leaves & other non-reproductive parts Flowers Fruits Necessary for identifying & describing plants: Morphology: Study of external features/ form. “Morphological features”. Part 1: Vegetative Terminology Plant Life Span Annual: (lives 1 season). Biennial: (1st season, vegetative growth, 2nd season, reproduction). Perennial (lives 3 or more seasons, most species reproduce multiple times). Plant Growth Habit: Herb: Shrub: Vine: (can be woody or herbaceous) Tree: Succulent: Stem Types (p. 1367) Aerial stem: Visible above ground. Acaulescent: No stem visible, the stem often subterranean. Rhizome: underground, slender. Tuber: thick horizontal, underground. Aerial stem Rhizome Acaulescent Tuber Stem Features (p. 1363) Terminal bud: Axillary (lateral) bud: Node: where leaves, buds attach. Internode: where no leaves, buds attach. Leaf scar: mark leaf on twig where a leaf fell off Leaf Arrangement (p. 1363) Basal: From underground stem or base of aerial stem Typical of acaulescent plants. Some plants bear basal & cauline leaves. Cauline: Attached to aerial stem: Alternate: 1 leaf/ node Opposite: 2 leaves/ node Whorled: 3 leaves/ node Basal Opposite Alternate Whorled Leaf Parts (p. 1361) Blade: Petiole: Sessile: leaf has no petiole, blade attaches directly to stem. Petiolate: leaf has a petiole. Stipules: Estipulate: stipules lacking. Stipulate: stipules present. Petiolate, stipulate leaf. Sheath The basal portion of a leaf which surrounds stem in some plants (grasses). Sessile leaf with sheath Leaf Venation: (branching pattern of veins in a leaf). Parallel venation: (most monocots), Pinnate venation: Palmate venation: Leaf Complexity (p. 1361) Simple: one blade. Compound: blade completely separated into leaflets. Palmately compound. Pinnately compound. Bipinnately compound. Rachis: Axis of pinnately (or bi) compound leaf. Simple Rachis Pinnately compound. Palmately compound. Bipinnately compound. Leaf / leaflet shapes (see p. 1361) 3-4 or more times longer than wide: Needle-shaped: thin, not flattened. Linear: margins parallel for much of length, flat blade. Lanceolate: lance-shaped, narrowest near tip. Oblanceolate: lance-shaped, narrowest near base. Elliptic: broadest at middle. Needle Linear Lanceolate Oblanceolate Elliptic Leaf / Leaflet Shapes (see p. 1361) Leaf less than 3 times longer than wide: Ovate: egg-shaped broadest near base Obovate: egg-shaped broadest near tip Oval = (broadly elliptic): broadest at middle Ovate Obovate Oval Leaf Tip Shape (p.1361) Acute: Margins meet at angle of less than 90o. Acuminate: acute and drawn out into a long tip. Obtuse: angle greater than 90o. Truncate: tip appears “cut off” Obtuse Acute Acuminate Truncate Leaf Bases (p. 1361) Acute: Obtuse: Rounded: Cordate: (heart-shaped) Oblique: (uneven) Rounded Obtuse Acute Cordate Oblique Leaf Margins: (Small projections p. 1361). Entire: no teeth or lobes. Serrate: “saw teeth” angled toward tip. Doubly serrate: both large and small serrations. Large projections (P.1361) Lobed: shallow divisions. Cleft: deeper divisions, at least halfway to midrib. Divided: almost to midrib, leaf nearly compound. Pinnately lobed, cleft, or divided: Palmately lobed, cleft or divided: Palmately Lobed/cleft leaf. Divided leaf. Pinnately Lobed/cleft leaf. Vestiture: (p. 1369 & 1371). Glabrous: No hairs on leaf, stem, or other part. Pubescent: Hairs of various types. Glabrous Pubescent Flower & Fruit Terminology: Reproductive (flower & fruit characters) are the primary characters used for plant identification. Flower Structure (p. 1363) A reduced branch (receptacle) with 4 series of specialized leaves : Stamens (Androecium) Anther Filament Carpels (Gynoecium): Stigma Style Ovary (contains ovules) Petals (Corolla) Sepals (Calyx) Receptacle Pistil= “visual unit” of gynoecium: 1 or more carpels. More About The Gynoecium: 3 parts to most pistils: Stigma- Surface receptive to pollen. Style- connects stigma to ovary Ovary- contains ovules. Ovules: Reproductive organs inside ovary. Mature into seeds. A mature ovary = a fruit. A mature ovule is a seed. A pistil is composed of one or more carpels (ovule-bearing structures). A flower can contain one (usually) or more pistils. Flower Variants Grass:Flower Orchid Rose Daisy Pea Lilly Grass: Spikelet Ovary Position (p. 1363) Hypogynous (ovary is above, superior, to the attachment of the other floral whorls Epigynous (ovary is below, inferior, to the attachment point of the other floral whorls) Perigynous: cuplike receptacle-extension (=Hypanthium)surrounds (but not fused to) the superiour ovary. Mostly in some Rosaceae. Superior ovary Inferior ovary Fusion of Flower Parts Flower parts of the same series may be fused together: Connate (fusion) vs. distinct (no fusion): Synsepalous: Sepals fused together. Sympetalous: Petals fused together. Stamens can also be connate in various ways). Corolla Calyx Connate Stamens Carpel Fusion: Moncarpous: one carpel per flower forming a simple pistil Apcarpous: 2 or more carpels in a flower, but each carpel distinct, forming a separate pistil. Syncarpous: 2 or more carpels fused into a compound pistil Carpel (pistil) Calyx Single carpel of Tephrosia (Fabaceae) Carpels (pistils) Stamens Petal Numerous distinct carpels of Magnolia Style Ovary Compound pistil of Euphorbia Carpel Fusion: Monocarpous Apocarpous Carpel Syncarpous Pistil (composed of multiple carpels) Stamens Stamens Cross section Adnate Flower Parts: Flower parts fused to another floral series. Stamens adnate to corolla (epipetalous) Combined stigma, style & androecium of Asclepias Presence / Absence of Floral Parts: Complete: Flower with all 4 series Incomplete: Flower missing one or more series. Perfect: Flower with both stamens and carpels. Imperfect: Flower lacking either stamens or carpels. Staminate: Male flower with stamens, but lacking functional carpels. Pistilate: Female flower lacking functional stamens. Examples: Presence / Absence of Floral Parts: Spikelet of staminate flowers Corolla Pistil (stigma) Pistilate flower Stamens bract Calyx Complete flower of Campsis Pistil Incomplete, perfect grass flower Inperfect flowers of Carex Types of Plants with Imperfect Flowers: Monoecious: Same Plant bears both staminate and pistilate flowers. Dioecious: Individual plants bear either staminate or pistilate flowers, but not both. Spikelet of staminate flowers Carex lupulina: a monoecious plant Spikelet of pistilate flowers Flower Symmetry Actinomorphic (=radial): Flower can be divided into equal halves along several lines (like an airplane propeller). Zygomorphic (= bilateral): Flower divideable into equal halves only along 1 line. Irregular: non symetrical-not divideable into equal halves. Zygomorphic (Lamium amplexicaule) Actinomorphic (Passiflora incarnata) Inflorescence (p. 1365) Arrangement of Flowers on a Plant Peduncle: stalk of entire inflorescence/ solitary flower. Pedicel: stalk of a single flower. Rachis: extension of peduncle in some inflorescences. Bracts: modified leaves that subtend (attach beneath) flowers and/or inflorescence. Involucre: series of bracts associated with an inflorescence. Rachis Bract Pedicel Peduncle Bract Inflorescence Location Terminal: more or less the end of a branch or stem. Axillary: flowers at bases of (normal stem) leaves. May be any type but often small clusters of 1-few. Terminal Axillary Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Solitary flower. Flower Peduncle Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Spike: Elongate, flowers sessile on rachis Flowers Rachis Peduncle Inflorescence Types Spikelet: Miniature, compacted spike (grasses & sedges) Spikelets Bracts & flowers Grass Spikelets (Bromus) Rachilla (Rachis) Spikelets ofCarex (Cyperaceae) Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Raceme: Flowers attach to rachis via pedicel. Flowers Rachis Pedicel Peduncle Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Panicle: Elongate, complex, branching. Branches attach to rachis. Flowers Pedicel branch Rachis Peduncle Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Corymb: flat-topped; pedicels attach at different points along a short rachis. Compound Corymb if pedicels branch. Common in Asteraceae where flower-clusters (heads) are arranged in a corymb. Flowers flower heads Pedicel Short rachis Peduncle Corymb (compound) Corymb of heads, Achillea Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Umbel (and Compound umbel): All pedicels attach to a single point. (Characteristic of Apiaceae). Flowers Pedicel bracts Ray (Pedicel or primary branch) Peduncle Simple umbel Compound umbel of Torilis arvensis Inflorescence Types: Head: All flowers sessile at a single point. (Characteristic of Asteraceae). Flowers Bracts (Involucre) Peduncle Inflorescence Types (p. 1365) Cyme: A determinate inflorescence: Inner/upper flowers mature first. Several types (p.1365): Some resemble raceme, panicle, corymb, etc but determinate pattern. Oldest Flowers Younger flowers Peduncle Cyme of Cnidoscolus texanus Fruits (p. 1367) Fruit = Mature ovary: Carpels enclosing ovules mature into fruits enclosing seeds. Fruits that are Fleshy at Maturity (p. 1367) Berry: fruit wall soft contains 2 or more seeds (many berry variants, Hesperidium, Pepo & others). Drupe: derived from 1 carpel. 1 seed. Outer fruit wall fleshy, inner wall a boney ( “pit”) enclosing seed. Common Berry Variants: Pepo: A type of berry with a leathery rind. Most from Cucurbitaceae. Melons, pumpkins, squash. Hesperidium: Berries with a leathery rind that contains aromatic oils. Internal sections (carpels) are very evident. Rutaceae (citrus family). Dry, Indehiscent Fruits (p. 1367) (seeds not released at maturity). Achene: Small,1 seed, free from ovary wall. Common; Many plant families. Samara: a winged achene Samara Dry, Indehiscent Fruits (p. 1367) (seeds not released) at maturity. Caryopsis (grain): 1 seed, adnate to ovary wall (Poaceae, grasses). Nut: Hard, boney fruit wall encloses 1 seed (other ovules aborted). Similar to achene but larger. Often subtended by series of fused, scale-like bracts (walnut “husk”) acorn “cap” (Fagaceae, juglandaceae, etc). Caryopsis Nut Dry, Indehiscent Fruits Schizocarp: Fruit separates into 1or ½ -carpel sections, each section containing seeds. Apiaceae (carrot/ parsley family-splits into 2 achenes). Maple (Acer) splits into 2 samaras. Schizocarp Dry, Dehiscent Fruits (p. 1367) (Open to release seeds at maturity) Capsule: Split or open in several places & release seeds. Derived from >1 carpel, contain more than 2 seeds. Many types based on how they open. Numerous botanical groups. Silicle & Silique: Capsules that split along 2 sides to expose a papery central partition. Brasicaceae (mustard/ cabbage family) Silique Silicle Dry, Dehiscent Fruits (p. 1367) (Open to release seeds at maturity) Folicle: derived from 1 carpel. Splits along 1 line of weakness trumpet creeper, milkweed. Legume: Derived from 1 carpel, splits along 2 lines of weakness. Legume family (Fabaceae). • Note: “fleshy” legumes (green beans, etc.) are harvested immature before they dry. Folicle Fruits Derived from both Ovary & Nonovary Tissues Accessory fruits: • Strawberry type: Receptacle enlarges & engulfs multiple carpels (apocarpous flower). • Pome: Receptacle enlarges, engulfs a syncarpous inferior ovary (apple pear). • Most of fruit = receptacle; ovary = “core” Accessory Fruits Derived from More than 1 Pistil but Same Flower Aggregate fruit: Derived from combined ovaries of an apocarpous flower: • Raspberry, Magnolia. Fruits Derived from More than 1 Flower Multiple fruit: Derived from combined ovaries from more than 1 flower (an entire inflorescence). Pineapple, fig, mulberry, etc. Placentation (p. 1367; 1384) Arrangement and attachment of the ovules (seeds) within the ovary (fruit). Ovary Ovule The Carpel Concept: Possible Progression of Evolution 1) Primitive 'carpel': a leaf bearing ovules on margins. 2) Margins rolled under. 3) Margins fused: True carpel, double row of ovules within. 4) Compound pistil (Adjacent carpels fuse): each double row of ovules within (placenta) represents a carpel. 1) L.S. X.S. 2) 3) 4) Placentation Types (P. 1367) Determined by number of carpels & how they are fused. Marginal: One double-row of ovules along fused margins of a single carpel. (Monocarpous or apocarpous gynoecium). Axile: Compound ovary divided by septa into locules. Ovules borne along central axis (syncarpous). Parietal: No septa, one chamber, ovules on inner ovary wall (Syncarpous). Marginal Axile Parietal Placentation Types (2) Basal Free central: No septa, ovules on central axis or column. Apical: one-few ovules attach at top of ovary (monocarpous, apocarpous, or syncarpous). Basal: one-few ovules attach at bottom of ovary (monocarpous, apocarpous, or syncarpous). Free Central Apical The End Version 13.01