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Transcript
The Sociological Point of View Chapter One Purpose • To better understand human society, sociologists study how humans interact with each other. Section 1 EXAMINING SOCIAL LIFE Introduction • The primary interest of sociologists is the combination of – The diversity of society/difference in how people view a certain subject • example: religion is a personal choice – The shared characteristics and ideas of society • example: crime is wrong Math Problems • For psychology, we had a math problem: – PSYCHOLOGY = thoughts + behaviors • We have one for sociology too: – SOCIOLOGY = human society + social behavior The Sociological Perspective • Definition: look at social life in a scientific systematic way, rather than depending on common-sense explanations • Purpose of developing – See a connection between you and society – Broaden your view of the social world – Learn there are many views of social reality • Sociological Imagination: the ability to make a connection between your personal life and the larger world Sociology’s Place in the Social Sciences • Remember, the Social Sciences include: sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, economics, and political science Section 2 HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY A Historical Timeline • Developed as a separate study in the late 1800s – Due to the Industrial Revolution and the many social changes due to urbanization • The Early Years— primarily in France, Germany, and England August Comte: France, 1798-1857 • Considered the father of sociology; he coined the name sociology • Intrigued by the causes and consequences of the French Revolution • Focused on social order and social change • Said social statics hold society together and social dynamics were the ways society changed • Never completed his college education Herbert Spencer: England, 1820-1903 • Pursued a study of sociology after inheriting enough money to quit working • Social Darwinism—coined the phrase survival of the fittest to refer to the similarities between societies and biological systems Karl Marx: Germany, 1818-1883 • Could never hold a job for long because of his revolutionary and radical ideas • Felt society was influenced by its economy and two groups—the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (capitalists/owners) • His views led to the development of conflict theory Emile Durkheim: France, 1858-1917 • Developed the first college sociology course in France • Focused only on observable phenomena • Organized the first sociological study—Suicide, 1897 Max Weber: Germany, 1864-1920 • Looked at separate groups in society • Verstehen: put yourself in someone else’s shoes • Employed the concept of ideal type—the basic components of features of society The American Sociological Association (ASA) • Firsts – College Class: University of Kansas, 1889 – College Department: University of Chicago, 1892 – Organization: 1905 • Growth – 115 members in 1906 – Over 14,000 members today CURRENT PERSPECTIVES Remember, a perspective is just an idea Functionalist Perspective • Based on the ideas of Comte, Spencer, and Durkheim • View society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to ensure the social system runs smoothly • Functions—positive consequences for society – Manifest Function: the intended consequence – Latent Function: the unintended consequence Conflict Perspective • Focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change; can be violent or non-violent • Competition over scarce resources (like money) is at the basis of social conflict Interactionist Perspective • Focus is on how individuals interact with one another in society • Look at the role of symbols in our daily lives