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Table of Contents
Unit 2
Lesson 16
Negatives
32
Lesson 17
Declarative and Interrogative Sentences
33
Lesson 18
Diagramming Sentences
35
Lesson 19
Imperative Sentences
37
Lesson 20
Exclamatory Sentences
39
Lesson 21
Conjunctions
41
Lesson 22
Sentence Pattern: S TrV DO
43
Lesson 23
Diagramming Direct Objects
45
Lesson 24
Review
47
Lesson 25
Review
49
Note to Unit 2:
You may wish to use a white board when teaching some of the sentence patterns and diagrams in
this unit.
Lesson 16
Definition: A negative is a form of the word “no.” The following words are called negatives,
because they are all a form of the word “no.”
Not
None
Never
Nothing
Sometimes these negatives can show up in the middle of a verb phrase. You might even
mistakenly label one as a verb!
Exercise A - Cross out any prepositional phrases. Underline any verbs twice. Circle any
negatives. Underline any subjects one time.
Mom, these sentences were taken from various places in the book of Mark, because we wanted
to find sentences with negatives in them. They won’t make sense altogether like this.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jesus did not teach like the teachers of the law.
The crowd could not fit into the room.
He and his disciples could not eat.
He did not say anything to them without using a parable.
The child is not dead.
He could not do any miracles there.
The people had not understood about the loaves; their hearts were hardened.
He could not keep his presence secret.
Sometimes we shorten these negatives into contractions. When two words are combined
together and said so quickly that some of the letters would be missing if we spelled it out, we
call these contractions. We use an apostrophe to show where the letters are missing.
For instance, instead of saying, “He is not here,” we might quickly say, “He isn’t here.” Is
and not have been shortened into one word, isn’t, and an apostrophe was placed where the
missing letter o would have been.
Definition: A contraction is a shortened word. (To contract means to shorten.)
Exercise B – In the blank, write a contraction for each of the verb phrases in Exercise A.
The first one has been done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Jesus didn’t teach.
The crowd couldn’t fit.
He and his disciples couldn’t eat.
He didn’t say anything.
The child isn’t dead.
He couldn’t do any miracles there.
The people hadn’t understood.
He couldn’t keep his presence a secret.
Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 17
One kind of sentence is a declarative sentence.
Definition: A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.
All sentences must have both a subject and a verb. Of course, there can be many other
words, too, such as prepositional phrases or negatives. However, there must be at least a
subject and a verb.
Jesus wept. John 11:35
The heavens declare the glory of God. Psalm 19:1
Another kind of sentence is an interrogative sentence.
Definition: An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.
What must I do to be saved? Acts 16:30
In an interrogative sentence, you must still have a subject and a verb. However, the subject
and the verb are usually in a strange order. In Acts 16:30, the subject I is stuck between
the helping verb must and the action verb do.
Exercise A – Place a D in the blank if the sentence is declarative. Place an I in the blank if
the sentence is interrogative.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
_D_ Jesus left the crowd and went into the boat with his disciples.
_D_ Other boats were with him.
_D_ A furious storm came up, and the waves broke over the boat.
_D_ The boat was nearly swamped.
_D_ Jesus was asleep on a cushion.
_I_ “Don’t you care about us?”
_D_ “We may drown.”
_D_ Jesus got up, rebuked the wind and the waves, and the wind died down.
_I_ “Why are you so afraid?”
_I_ “Do you still have no faith?”
_D_ The disciples were terrified.
_I_ “Who is this?”
_D_ “Even the wind and the waves obey him.”
Adapted from Mark 4:35-41
Exercise B – Now go back to Exercise A. Cross out the prepositional phrases, underline the
verbs twice, and underline the subjects once.
1. _D_ Jesus left the crowd and went into the boat with his disciples.
2. _D_ Other boats were with him.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
_D_ A furious storm came up, and the waves broke over the boat.
_D_ The boat was nearly swamped.
_D_ Jesus was asleep on a cushion.
_I_ “Don’t you care about us?”
_D_ “We may drown.”
_D_ Jesus got up, rebuked the wind and the waves, and the wind died down.
_I_ “Why are you so afraid?”
_I_ “Do you still have no faith?”
_D_ The disciples were terrified.
_I_ “Who is this?”
_D_ “Even the wind and the waves obey him.”
Adapted from Mark 4:35-41
During the next few lessons, we’re going to use this passage from Mark again to learn many
new things.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 18
Today we’re going to learn how to diagram a sentence. A diagram is simply a picture that
helps you see all the parts of a sentence more clearly.
Do you remember what a declarative sentence is? (A declarative sentence makes a statement.)
Before you can diagram a declarative sentence, you must first cross out the prepositional
phrases, then underline the verbs twice and the subjects once.
The waves broke over the boat.
Now draw a horizontal line. Draw a short, vertical line through the middle.
Write the subject (waves) on the left side, and write the verb (broke) on the right side.
Do you remember what an interrogative sentence is? (An interrogative sentence asks a question.)
An interrogative sentence is diagrammed the same way, even though the order of the subject
and verb might be switched around in the sentence.
Were they afraid?
You can see that the helping verb and action verb are both written in the same place on the
diagram.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Exercise A - Diagram each sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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A furious storm came up.
The boat was nearly swamped.
Jesus was asleep on a cushion.
“Don’t you care about us?”
“We may drown.”
Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 19
What is a declarative sentence? (A sentence that makes a statement.) A declarative sentence
always ends with what? (a period)
What is an interrogative sentence? (A sentence that asks a question.) An interrogative sentence
always ends with what? (a question mark)
Today we’re going to learn about an imperative sentence.
Definition: An imperative sentence gives a command. It ends with a period or an exclamation
point.
What




are some common commands?
Clean your room.
Make your bed.
Bring me a pencil.
Give this to your sister.
Let’s look at little closer at these imperative sentences. Let’s try to mark all the prepositional
phrases, verbs, and subjects.
 Clean your room.
 Make your bed.
 Bring me a pencil.
 Give this to your sister.
What is each of these sentences missing? (A subject) Right, there are no subjects. But think
about it. To whom is each command being given? To you! Yes, you are the subject of each
imperative sentence.
The subject of an imperative sentence is an “understood you.” This means that we just
understand that you is always the subject. No one needs to tell us.
When you have an imperative sentence, write the word you in parenthesis before the sentence
and in your diagramming.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott




(You)
(You)
(You)
(You)
Clean your room.
Make your bed.
Bring me a pencil.
Give this to your sister.
Exercise A - Cross out the prepositional phrases, underline the verbs twice, and underline the
subjects once. Diagram each sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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The disciples were on the boat.
The waves grew large.
Were they afraid?
(You) Be still!
The wind calmed.
Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 20
Can you remember the three kinds of sentences we’ve learned?
 What is a sentence that makes a statement? (declarative)
 What is a sentence that asks a question? (interrogative)
 What is a sentence that gives a command? (imperative)
The last type of sentence doesn’t occur as often, and it’s a good thing. It would look like
everyone was shouting!
Definition: An exclamatory sentence (gasp here) shows strong feeling. It ends with an
exclamation point.
Let’s say that definition again, making our gasps very loud.
An exclamatory sentence (gasp) shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation point.
All the people saw it happen and fell on their faces in awed worship, exclaiming, "GOD
is the true God! GOD is the true God!" 1 Kings 18:39, the Message
An exclamatory sentence is diagrammed just like a declarative sentence.
GOD is the true God!
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Exercise A - Cross out the prepositional phrases, underline the verbs twice, and underline the
subjects once. Diagram each sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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He spoke to his disciples.
"Why are you so afraid?”
“Do you still have no faith?"
They were terrified.
"Who is this?”
“Even the waves obey him!"
Adapted from Mark 10:40-41
Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 21
Let’s review by singing the “Preposition Song” together.
Now let’s review all our definition cards.
Finally, let’s review our Being Verbs and Helping Verbs. (Mom, you may wish to hold up the
review charts as you review these.)
Today we’re going to learn about connecting words called conjunctions. These words connect
compounds, such as compound prepositions, compound verbs, and compound subjects.
Definition: A conjunction is a connecting word.
Memorize these common conjunctions.
Conjunctions
and
but
or
nor
for
yet
so
Let’s say these several times together.
Exercise A – Cross out the prepositional phrases, underline the verbs twice, and underline the
subjects once. Circle the conjunctions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Moses and Aaron obeyed Yahweh and went to Pharaoh.
Aaron threw his staff down in front of Pharaoh and his officials.
It became a snake.
Pharaoh summoned wise men and sorcerers.
The Egyptian magicians also did the same things by their secret arts.
Each one threw down his staff, and it became a snake.
Aaron's staff swallowed their staffs.
Pharaoh's heart became hard, so he would not listen to them.
Adapted from Exodus 7:10-13
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Conjunctions are diagrammed in different ways, depending on what they are connecting.
For example:
We’ll practice diagramming these on another day.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 22
Can you remember the four kinds of sentences we’ve studied?
 What is a declarative sentence?
 What is an interrogative sentence?
 What is an imperative sentence?
 What is an exclamatory sentence?
The subjects and verbs in sentences also follow certain patterns. We are going to be learning
about 5 of those patterns this year.
The first sentence pattern is “Subject, Transitive Verb, Direct Object.”
Mom, you may wish to show the “Basic Sentence Patterns” chart.
Before we can make sense of this sentence pattern, we need to learn what a direct object is.
Definition: A direct object is a noun that receives the action of a verb.
The disciples found a little boy.
What is the verb? Found
What is the subject? Disciples
To find what receives the action of the verb, ask “who?” or “what?”
The disciples found who or what?
They found a little boy.
Boy is the direct object.
We are going to mark this sentence differently than before.
First, we always check for prepositional phrases, but there are none in this sentence.
Next, write “TrV” above the verb “found,” since this is a transitive verb.
Definition: A transitive verb is a verb that has a direct object.
Next, write “S” above the subject “disciples.”
Now, ask yourself, “The disciples found who or what?” Write “DO” over “boy,” since the
disciples found a boy. “Boy” is the direct object.
S
TrV
DO
The disciples found a little boy.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Exercise A – Cross out any prepositional phrases. Write the sentence pattern over the
subjects, verbs, and direct objects.
1.
S TrV DO
The boy had supper.
S TrV
DO
DO
2. He had five loaves and two fish.
S
TrV DO
3. Jesus gave thanks for the food.
S
TrV
DO
4. The people ate the bread.
S
TrV
DO
5. The disciples gathered twelve basketfuls of broken pieces of bread and fish.
Adapted from Mark 6:35-44
Let’s review our definitions before we end today’s lesson. What do we call a noun that
receives the action of a verb? (a direct object) What do we call a verb that has a direct
object? (a transitive verb) What is the first sentence pattern? (subject, transitive verb, direct
object, or S TrV DO)
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 23
We have learned about three special kinds of nouns this year. Do you remember what a noun
is? (A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.)
A subject is a noun that tells what a sentence is about.
Jesus walked on the water.
“Jesus” is the subject of this sentence because this sentence is about Him.
There are also objects. For instance, an object of a preposition is a noun.
Jesus walked on the water.
“On” is a preposition. On what? On the water. “Water” is the object of the preposition.
As we learned yesterday, there are also direct objects. These are nouns that receive the
action of a verb.
Jesus gave sight to the blind man.
“Jesus” is the subject, and “gave” is the verb. Jesus gave what? He gave “sight.” “Sight” is
the direct object.
Today we’re going to learn how to diagram direct objects.
Direct objects go after a short, vertical line after the verb, like this:
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Exercise A – Cross out any prepositional phrases. Mark (underline) the subjects and verbs.
Write the sentence pattern over the subjects, verbs, and direct objects.
Adapted from Mark 7:1-6
Exercise B – Diagram each sentence in Exercise A.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 24
Today we’re going to continue practicing our new sentence pattern:
S TrV DO
Do you remember what each part of this pattern means?
Exercise A – Cross out any prepositional phrases. Mark (underline) the subjects and verbs.
Write the sentence pattern over the subjects, verbs, and direct objects. Be watching for
compounds!
*Your child may underline “The LORD” or just “LORD” as the subject in the first sentence. In
our home, we have learned that the Hebrew name for God, YHWH, is translated as “the LORD”
in English Bibles, so both words are His name. However, if you choose to just use “LORD” as the
subject, this will also be grammatically correct.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Exercise B – On a separate piece of paper, diagram each sentence in Exercise A.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott
Lesson 25
Exercise A – Cross out any prepositional phrases. Mark (underline) the subjects and verbs.
Write the sentence pattern over the subjects, verbs, and direct objects. Be watching for
compounds!
Exercise B – On a separate piece of paper, diagram each sentence in Exercise A.
Review each definition card and chart learned so far.
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Foundations of Grammar ©2011 Anne Elliott