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Download unit minerals and rocks - 1st ESO Bilingual Science
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I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA MINERALS UNIT 5 Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substances. They have a definite chemical composition and specific physical properties All minerals must be • Naturally occurring Minerals are not made by humans • Solid substances Minerals are solid at room temperature (25oC). They are not a liquid or a gas • Inorganic Minerals are not formed by living beings • Definite chemical composition A mineral always has the same chemical composition. Some minerals have one single chemical element (such a gold, silver, platinum, sulphur, diamonds, graphite, and copper), but most of them are compounds; made up of more than one chemical element. Most of the minerals have got crystalline structure: The atoms and molecules that composed the mineral have got a specific, orderly, repeated pattern. If this pattern is easily visible with a magnifying glass or microscope, then the mineral mineral is called a crystal Crystallisation is a very slow process. The particles in minerals need lots of time and space to form a specific pattern or to form crystals All minerals are solid substances. Water and mercury have got most of the characteristics of minerals, except they are liquid at room temperature. They are called mineraloids, not minerals. Pyrite like all minerals is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substance. Pyrite has got a definite chemical composition: iron sulphide Mercury is a naturally occurring, inorganic, liquid substance. Mercury is a mineraloid. 1 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA (Vocabulary: naturally occurring: de origen natural / room temperature: temperatura ambiente / definite chemical composition: composición química homogénea / orderly: ordenado / pattern: patrón, modelo / mineraloids: mineraloides / magnifying glass: lupa / microscope: microscopio) Match the words on the left column with the sentences on the right 1 2 3 4 5 6. Naturally occurring A When it is liquid at room temperature Inorganic B It means not be a liquid or a gas Mineraloids C It means that the atoms composing the mineral have got an orderly, repeated pattern Solid substances D It is the process by which the crystal is formed Definite chemical composition E It means that it is not made by humans Crystallisation F It means that it is not been from living beings Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 ............. Fill the gaps with the following words from the list orderly mineraloids physical inorganic(2) slow magnifying glass solid(2) crystal room temperature pattern chemical humans Minerals are naturally occurring, .............................................., solid substances. They definite .................................... composition and specific ................................................ properties atoms have time got a All minerals must be naturally occurring, it means that they cannot be made by ........................... All minerals are ...................................... substances, it means that they are not a liquid or a gas All minerals are .................................................., it means that they are not formed by living beings All minerals have got definite chemical composition, it means that the .......................... composing the mineral have got an .................................., repeated ................................................ If this pattern is easily visible with a ...................................... or microscope, then the mineral is called a .................... Crystallisation is a very .............................. process. The particles in minerals need lots of ..................... and space to form a specific pattern or to form crystals All minerals are ....................................... substances. Water and mercury have got most of the characteristics of minerals, except they are liquid at ................................................ They are called ..............................., not minerals. Answer the following questions 1. A mineral is naturally occurring substance. What does it mean? ........................................................................... 2. A mineral is a solid substance. What does it mean?............................................................................................... 3. A mineral is an inorganic substance. What does it mean?...................................................................................... 4. A mineral has got a definite chemical composition. What does it mean?................................................................ 5. Why is mercury a mineraloid?................................................................................................................................. 6. Can water be considered a mineral?....................................................................................................................... 7. Can ice be considered a mineral? .......................................................................................................................... 8. Can a pearl be considered a mineral? ................................................................................................................... 9. When is a mineral called a crystal?....................................................................................................................... 10. What natural conditions are needed for a crystal to form? ..................................................................................... 2 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Minerals composition Minerals are composed of one or more chemical elements. The chemical elements of each mineral are arranged in a particular way. A chemical element is a substance which is made up of only one kind of atom. An atom is the smallest particle of matter. Oxygen, hydrogen, iron and gold are examples of chemical elements. Quartz is a mineral. The chemical composition of quartz is always the same, because it is always composed of the same elements. The chemical composition of a mineral determines its physical properties. Quartz from Spain has got the same properties as quartz from America. Minerals can be found with impurities. Impurities are small amounts of other substances which are not part of the mineral. These impurities can change some of the properties of the mineral. For example, quartz is usually colourless, but it can be found in several different colours. (Vocabulary: chemical element: elemento químico / kind: tipo, clase / to arrange: disponer, colocar / particular way: determinada forma / oxygen: oxígeno / hydrogen: hidrógeno / iron: hierro / gold: oro / quartz: cuarzo / chemical composition: composición química / physical properties: propiedades físicas / impurity: impurezas / amount: cantidad / colourless: incoloro / several: varios) Match the words on the left column with the sentences on the right 1 2 3 4 5 Chemical composition Chemical element Impurities Atom Colourless A It is the smallest particle of matter B It determines the physical properties of a mineral C It means that the mineral has not got colour D They are small amounts of other substances which are not part of the mineral E It is a substance which is made up of only one kind of atom Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. Fill the gaps with the following words from the list impurities physical properties substance atom gold properties amounts chemical elements hydrogen arranged colourless smallest Minerals are composed of one or more ............................................. The chemical elements of each mineral are ............................................. in a particular way. A chemical element is a ............................................ which is made up of only one kind o f ...................... An atom is the ................................ particle of matter. Oxygen, ........................, iron and ........................ are examples of chemical elements. 3 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA The chemical composition of a mineral determines its .................................................... Quartz from Spain has the same properties as quartz from America. Minerals can be found with ........................................ They are small .......................... of other substances which are not part of the mineral. The impurities can change some of the ................................................ of the mineral. For example, quartz is usually ................................................ , but it can be found in several different colours. Answer the following questions 1. What is a chemical element?.................................................................................................................................. 2. Write down three examples of chemical element?................................................................................................. 3. Can the chemical composition of quartz change?.................................................................................................. 4. What does the chemical composition of a mineral determine?............................................................................... 5. Is the quartz from Spain different of the quartz from America? Why?..................................................................... 6. What is an impurity?................................................................................................................................................ 7. Can an impurity change the properties of a mineral?.............................................................................................. 8. Write down an example of the consequences of impurity in a mineral.................................................................... 4 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Minerals classification There are many different minerals found mainly in stones and rocks. Minerals are formed by the combination of chemical elements found in the Earth’s crust. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, about 46%. Silicon is the second most common, about 28%. Silicates Oxygen and silicon combined together produce silicates. Silicates are the most abundant minerals on Earth. These common silicates make up many rocks: . Silicates Found in Properties and uses Quartz Usually they are found in granite rocks or sandy river sediments It is very hard. They are used in jewellery Feldspar They are found in many rocks such as granite and basalt They are used in glass and ceramic industries Mica They are abundant in granite There are two types: • White mica, called muscovite • Black mica, called biotite. They are used in electronic insulators and paints. Olivine It is very common. They are found in volcanic rocks Olive green colour. They are used to make jewellery. Also used as abrasive. 5 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Non-silicates Non-silicates are all the minerals that are not silicates. They are minerals that do not contain silicon. Common non-silicates are classified into groups such as: Non-silicates Properties and uses Native elements They are minerals made up of a single element. For example, gold, silver, copper, and sulphur. Oxides This group of non-silicates is made up of oxygen and one other element. For example, oligiste is a source of iron ore which iron is extracted. Sulphides They are minerals made up of sulphur and metal. Galena is the source of lead ore and Pyrite is the source of copper ore. Carbonates Minerals made up of carbon, oxygen and a metal. For example, calcite. Halides Minerals made up of a metal and chloride or fluoride. For example, halite and fluorite. (Vocabulary: Earth’s crust: corteza de la Tierra / silicon: silicio / silicate: silicato / sandy: arenoso / feldspar: feldespato / granite: granito / basalt: basalto / glass: vidrio / electronic insulators: aislantes electrónicos / paints: pinturas / jewellery: joyería / abrasive: abrasivo / native elements: elementos nativos / silver: plata / copper: cobre / sulphur: azufre / source: fuente / iron ore: mineral de hierro / lead ore: mineral de plomo / sulphides: sulfuros / halides: haluros / chloride: cloro / fluoride: fluor ) 6 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Match the words on the left column with the sentences on the right 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Feldspar Native elements Oligiste Calcite Quartz Galena Halides Mica Olivine A B C D E F G H I It has got olive green colour It is a mineral made up of sulphur and metal Muscovite is a white type Minerals made up of a metal and chloride or fluoride It is used in glass and ceramic industries It is a mineral made up of carbon, oxygen and a metal They are minerals made up of a single element They are made up of oxygen and one other element It is usually found in granite rocks or sandy river sediments Answers: 1 ............. 2 ........... 3 ............ 4 ............. 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 8 ............. 9 ............ Fill the gaps with the following words from the list copper olive muscovite calcite single iron ore sandy volcanic sulphides oxygen silicates carbonates ceramic basalt Earth’s crust silicon granite biotite galena Minerals are formed by the combination of chemical elements found in the ............................................... Oxygen and ............................ combined together produce ..............................., that are the most abundant minerals on Earth. Quartz is usually found in .................................... rocks or ................................ river sediments. Feldspar is found in many rocks such as granite and .................................... It is used in glass and ........................ industries. There are two types of mica: white mica, called ............................... and black mica, .................................... Olivine has got ................................. green colour. It is found in ................................. rocks. Native elements are minerals made up of a .............................. element. For example, ................................... Oxides are made up of ....................................... and one other element. Oligiste is a source of ........................................ which iron is extracted. ................................... are minerals made up of sulphur and metal .......................... is the source of lead ore. Minerals made up of carbon, oxygen and a metal are called .................................... such as ......................... Answer the following questions 1. How are minerals formed?...................................................................................................................................... 2. What is the most abundant element on the Earth’s crust? What percentage?........................................................ 3. What is the second most abundant element on Earth’s crust? What percentage?................................................. 4. What kind of elements are silicates compound of?................................................................................................. .. 5. Where is quartz usually found?............................................................................................................................... 6. What is the use of feldspars?................................................................................................................................. 7. What mineral is used in electronic insulators?........................................................................................................ 8. Where is olivine found? What is its colour?............................................................................................................. 9. What kind of mineral is silver?................................................................................................................................. 10. Write down a mineral source of iron ore ................................................................................................................. 7 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA 11. What have pyrite and galena got in common? .................................................................................................... 12. Why calcite is considered a carbonate? ................................................................................................................. Properties of minerals We can identify a mineral watching its properties. The most important ones are: • Colour Some minerals are always the same colours. For example, sulphur is always yellow. Quartz can be different colours. • Shape Minerals can be geometrical or irregular. • Lustre It refers to the way minerals reflect light. Minerals can be classified as: Metallic: They are like metal; for example, pyrite Non-metallic: Greasy; the mineral looks like oil or fat. Waxy; the mineral looks like wax. Glassy or Vitreous; the mineral looks like glass. Pearly; the mineral changes colour according to the light, like pearls do. If the mineral has not got lustre we say it is matt or dull. • Streak The streak of a mineral is a colour of the powder left on a streak plate (a piece of unglazed porcelain) when the mineral is scraped across it. This is constant in each mineral; for example, the streak of different types of quartz is always white. • Transparency It is the amount of light able to pass through a mineral. Minerals can be: Transparent. Light can pass through the mineral and objects can be see through it Translucent. Light can pass through the mineral but objects cannot be seen through it. Opaque. No light can pass through the mineral • Cleavage It is how a mineral breaks up or cleaves along planes of weakness. This produce regular fragments. For example, mica cleaves in sheets, so it has basal cleavage. But galena cleaves in cubes, so it has got cubic cleavage. • Fracture If a mineral breaks up into irregular fragments, this is called fracture. • Hardness It measures how a mineral reacts to being scratched. To find out the hardness of a mineral, we use the Mohs scale. 8 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Mohs scale of hardness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond Image Mineral hardnessssssMohs In this scale it is selected ten minerals and arranged them in order from 1 to 10. The mineral with the highest number is the hardest. The mineral with the lowest is the softest. The Mohs scale is used to compare the hardness of any mineral. Minerals not on the scale are given an intermediate number. For example, galena has a hardness of 2.5. Mineral extraction Minerals are found everywhere in the Earth’s crust. They are extracted in different ways. • Dispersed Some minerals are found dispersed in rocks. 1 kg of granite rock contains 340g of quartz. • Mineral beds Other minerals occur in mineral beds in high concentration. They are extracted in: Surface m Underground mines. When the minerals are deep in the Earth’s crust Surface mines. When the minerals are in layers which are relatively close to the surface. (Vocabulary: Lustre: brillo / greasy: graso / waxy: céreo / glassy: vítreo / pearly: nacarado / matt: mate 9 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA / streak: color de la raya / powder: polvo / unglazed: sin vidriar / to scrape across: frotar / cleavage: exfoliación / fracture: fractura / to cleave: exfoliar / planes of weakness: planos de exfoliación / sheets: hojas / cubes: cubos / to scratch: arañar / hardness: dureza / to arrange: organizar, ordenar / mineral beds: yacimientos minerales / layer: capa / underground: subterráneo) Match the words on the left column with the sentences on the right 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Streak Mohs scale Glassy Hardness Lustre Cleavage Mineral bed Surface mines Underground mine A B C D E F G H I It measures how a mineral reacts to being scratched It is when the minerals are deep in the Earth’s crust It refers to the way minerals reflect light It is when the minerals are in layers which are close to the surface It is the colour of the powder that a mineral left on a streak plate It is the bright that a mineral has got when bright like a glass It is when a mineral is in high concentration It measures the hardness of a mineral It is how a mineral breaks up or cleaves Answers: 1 ............. 2 ........... 3 ............ 4 ............. 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 8 ............. 9 ............ Fill the gaps with the following words from the list Earth’s crust ten fracture scratched mineral beds transparency metallic highest streak surface mine sheets rocks geometrical light colour yellow powder softest pyrite underground mine cleavage Some minerals are always the same ............................... Sulphur is always .............................. Minerals’ shape can be ............................................ or irregular. Lustre refers to the way minerals reflect .................................. Lustre is ........................................... when minerals bright like metal such as ............................. The .............................. of a mineral is a colour of the .............................. left on a streak plate when the mineral is scraped across it. ................................................. is how a mineral breaks up or cleaves. Mica cleaves in ....................... If a mineral cleaves into irregular fragments, this is called .................................... Hardness measures how a mineral reacts to being ................................. In Mohs scale of hardness it is selected ...................... minerals and arranged them in order from 1 to 10. The mineral with the ..................................... number is the hardest. The mineral with the lowest is the ........................ The amount of light able to pass through a mineral is called ........................................ Minerals are found everywhere in the .............................................. Some minerals are found dispersed in ............... and other minerals occur in ........................................................... in high concentration. When the minerals are in layers which are relatively close to the surface it is called ................................ and when the minerals are deep in the Earth’s crust it is called ..................................................... Answer the following questions 1. Are minerals always the same colour?................................................................................................................... 2. What kind of shape can minerals be?..................................................................................................................... 3. What does lustre refer to? ...................................................................................................................................... 4. What does it mean when we say that a mineral has got metallic lustre?................................................................ 5. What is a mineral like when we say that it has got glassy lustre?........................................................................... 6. What is the streak? ................................................................................................................................................. 1 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA 7. What is the difference between cleavage and fracture? ......................................................................................... 8. What is the difference between mica and galena in relation to the cleavage?........................................................ 9. What is the difference between a transparent and a translucent mineral............................................................... 10. What does hardness measure? .............................................................................................................................. 11. What number on the Mohs Scale of Hardness have a mineral got that can scratch talc, and can be scratched by gypsum? ............................................................................................................................................................ 12. When you find a mineral in a mineral bed, is it dispersed in the rock or is in high concentration?.......................... 13. What is the difference between a surface mine and an underground mine?.......................................................... 1 I.E.S. LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA Complete the following table Mineral Group Properties Characteristics Utility Biotite Quartz Olivine Calcite Gold Galena Halite Mercury Key of minerals 1. A. Minerals that have got metallic lustre ......................................................................................................... 2 B. Minerals that have not got metallic lustre ...................................................................................................3 2. A. Grey steel colour. Heavy mineral. Cubic cleavage................................................................................... Galena B. Gilded colour. It usually has got well formed crystals..............................................................................Pyrite 3. A. Dark colour mineral. It can be easily cleaved in sheets ..........................................................................Biotite B. Light colour mineral .................................................................................................................................... 4 4. A. Mineral harder than steel ......................................................................................................................... 5 B. Mineral less hard than steel ..................................................................................................................... 6 5. A. It has got cleavage. Short prisma-shaped. White or pinkish colour...........................................................Ortosa B. It has not got cleavage. Hexagonal prisma-shaped, ending in a sharp point. Different colours................Quartz 6. A. It reacts with hydrochloric acid producing bubbles.................................................................................... Calcite B. It does not react with hydrochloric acid ...........................................................................................................7 7. A. Salty mineral. Cube-shaped or masive. White colour or colourless.........................................................Halite B. Non-salty mineral........................................................................................................................................... 8 8. A. Mineral that can be scratched with the fingernail .......................................................................................... 9 B. Mineral that cannot be scratched with the fingernail. Violet colour, colourless, white, green..................Fluorite 9. A. Mineral crystals with perfect cleavage or massive. Colourless, white, grey or red ...............................Gypsum B. Soapy sense of touch. White or grey with oxidation patina .......................................................................Talc 1
