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Encouraged by the War Hawks who wanted to make England pay for damaging our national prestige and interfering with our Sovereign authority, President Madison decides to declare War on England Madison makes his case for War in a letter read to Congress on June 1, 1812 First, he accused the British government of committing acts (impressments of American sailors) “hostile to the United States as an independent and neutral nation.” Second, he declared that American Ships were unable to sail freely “our commerce has been plundered in every sea…” Third, he blamed the British for encouraging frontier warfare against American settlers and for supplying weapons to Native Americans. The War hawks take up Madison’s cause and the Congress votes for War. President Madison Declares War on June 18, 1812 The War of 1812 was known as “Madison’s War” War…Really? • The US was unprepared militarily to go to War: US Army had been downsized by Jefferson The US Navy was severely undeveloped • • Not well trained or ready to fight US had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships. American Men preferred to enlist in their state militias and fight close to home they did not want to go to where the fight was happening The US was unprepared Financially to go to War: Revenue from trade had declined Economic Recession Industrial Sector not prepared to meet demands of war Not everyone wanted the War and some were very reluctant to fight Overview of the War of 1812 2 The war was conducted in four theatres of operations: 3 1. The Atlantic Ocean 2. The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier 3. Mid-Atlantic/ Chesapeake Bay Washington DC & Baltimore 4. The Southern States 4 1 War on the Atlantic Ocean • The U.S. Navy was newly formed and outnumbered • In November of 1812, the British blockaded the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays • The blockade grew throughout the war • By 1813, most American ships were unable to leave their ports USS Constitution in Battle off the Coast of Northern Canada A great Naval Victory for the United States The USS Constitution destroyed a British Ship in our greatest win on the Seas 213 year old USS Constitution 1812 Battles 1813 Battles •Natives fight with the British •American surrender Fort Detroit to British The War in Canada 1812-1813 •US Burns York (now Toronto) •Commodore Perry Defeated the British on Lake Erie •American forces defeat British and kill Indian Chief Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames, ending the British / Indian Alliance The Battle and Burning of York: 1813 Burn Now – Pay Later… September 1813: America Defeats England at The Battle of Lake Erie Commander of the America Fleet Oliver Hazard Perry: “We have met the enemy and they are ours!” The victory forced the British to leave Detroit and made Perry a hero. In the Battle of the Thames River, Americans defeated a smaller force of about 600 British and 1000 Native Americans led by Tecumseh, who was killed in the Battle The War in the Mid-Atlantic / Chesapeake Bay 1814-1815 This Just In: Napoleon Defeated !!! April 1814 14,000 of the best British troops leave for America to fight for the Crown The British decide to take advantage of their stranglehold on American port cities and the soldiers head for Chesapeake Bay and the cities of Washington DC and Baltimore… 1st Stop – Washington DC • The British invaded Washington, D.C. in August 1814 The Empire Strikes Back – The Siege and Burning of Washington D.C. The low-point of the War The White House and the US Capitol Building destroyed by fire The Battle at Fort McHenry Oh Say Can you See… • Francis Scott Key: an American lawyer and prisoner of the British • Saw an American flag flying over Ft. McHenry after the battle • The flag inspired Key to write “The StarSpangled Banner” The War in the South 18141815 Battle of New Orleans The Battle of New Orleans (1815) – The most famous/important battle of the War – Americans were lead to victory by General Andrew Jackson – The battle continued even after the war ended because word did not reach the Americans for several weeks The Battle of New Orleans 2400 British soldiers were killed or wounded. 333 American casualties It’s Over!!! The Treaty of Ghent A Treaty of Peace and Amity….Signed in 1815 in Belgium Results of the War of 1812 1. Strengthens America's standing in the world – a Super Power. American is not a country to be trifled with 2. Growth of American Pride and the “Era of Good Feelings” 3. Brings about a more positive relationship with England and Europe -- trade and travel 4. Increases the rate of Westward migration 5. Shattered the strength of Native American Resistance 6. Paved the way for American acquisition of Florida 7. Encouragement of American Industry and technology