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BI 5103
FISIOLOGI TERINTEGRASI
(Integrative Physiology)
Core Principle 5: Structure/Function Relationships
(Konsep Inti 5 : Hubungan antara Struktur dan Fungsi)
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Why Structure/Function Relationships

Understanding the behavior of an
organism requires understanding the
relationship between structure and
function (at each and every level of
organization).
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To understand the behavior of the
organism requires understanding the
relationship between the structure and
function of the organism.
The structure of the organism both
enables particular functions (makes them
possible and determines the magnitude of
what happens) and constrains functions
(limits what can happen and the
magnitude of what happens).
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Sub Topics
A.The three-dimensional structure of cells and tissues
is a determinant of the functions of the cell and
tissue
B. Surface area is a determinant of the movement of
all substances; hence, the surface area (and the
surfaceto-volume ratio) is a determinant of
function.
C. All physical objects (cells, tissues, and organs)
exhibit elastic recoil, which contributes to
determining function.
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A.The three-dimensional structure of
cells and tissues is a determinant of
the functions of the cell and tissue
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
An animal cell
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells
Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosomes
Peroxisome
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane
Intermediate
filament
Microfilament
Mitochondrion
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Figure 20.4
Apical surface of
epithelium
Basal
lamina
Underlying
Cell nuclei
tissue
Simple squamous
epithelium
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Simple cuboidal
epithelium
Simple columnar
epithelium
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Figure 20.5
White blood
cells
Red blood
cell
Central
canal
Plasma
Cell
nucleus
Collagen
fiber
Elastic
fibers
Matrix
Blood
Bone
Loose connective tissue
(under the skin)
Cell nucleus
Collagen
fibers
Cartilageforming
cells
Fat
droplets
Fibrous connective
tissue (forming a tendon)
Boneforming
cells
Matrix
Cartilage
(at the end
of a bone)
Adipose
tissue
Figure 20.6
Muscle
fiber
Unit of
muscle
contraction
Muscle
fiber
(cell)
Nuclei
Junction
between
two cells
Nucleus
Cardiac
muscle
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Skeletal
muscle
Smooth
muscle
Figure 20.8
Small intestine
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
tissue (two layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Not in
animal
cells
Central
vacuole
Intermediate
filament
Cytoskeleton
Chloroplast
Microfilament
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
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Figure 31.3
Terminal bud
Blade
Leaf
Flower
Petiole
Axillary bud
Stem
Shoot
system
Node
Epidermal cell
Internode
Taproot
Root
system
Root
hairs
Root hairs
Root hair
B. Surface area is a determinant of
the movement of all substances;
hence, the surface area (and the
surfaceto-volume ratio) is a
determinant of function.
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10 µm
30 µm
30 µm
Surface area
of one large cube
= 5,400 µm2
10 µm
Total surface area
of 27 small cubes
= 16,200 µm2
C. All physical objects (cells, tissues,
and organs) exhibit elastic recoil,
which contributes to determining
function.
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Esophageal sphincter
(contracted)
Bolus of
food
Bolus of
food
Muscles contract,
constricting passageway
and pushing bolus down
Muscles relax,
allowing passageway
to open
Stomach
CONTEXT WITHIN
PHYSIOLOGY
This “core principle” is, on one level, a
fairly abstract statement of the obvious
interaction between the way in which the
pieces of a mechanism are assembled into
a system and the functions that the
system can carry out.
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However, it also describes several very
specific examples of commonalities that
extend across many different physiological
systems.
 For example, when two systems carry out
similar functions, certain features of their
structure can be expected to be similar.

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EXAMPLE
Gas exchange in the lungs and absorption of
the products of digestion in the small
intestine occur (in the latter case, only in
part) by the process of passive diffusion.
To maximize the flux of material across a
membrane, there must be a large surface
area available, and the thickness of the
barrier to diffusion must be minimized. In
both examples cited, these conditions are
present as a result of the structure of the
respective systems.
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Vein
with blood
en route to
the liver
Lumen of intestine
Nutrient
absorption
Epithelial
cells
Muscle
layers
Lumen of intestine
Nutrient absorption
into epithelial cells
Microvilli
Amino
Fatty
acids
acids
and
and
sugars glycerol
Lumen
Fats
Blood
capillaries
Large
circular folds
Lymph
vessel
Villi
Blood
Lymph
Nutrient
absorption
Epithelial cells
lining villus
Villi
Intestinal wall
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To the
heart
Nasal cavity
Left lung
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
From the
heart
Oxygen-rich
blood
Oxygen-poor
blood
Bronchiole
Larynx
Trachea
CO2
O2
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood
capillaries
Diaphragm
(Heart)
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Epithelial Tissue
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Apical surface of
epithelium
Basal
lamina
Underlying
Cell nuclei
tissue
Simple squamous
epithelium
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Simple cuboidal
epithelium
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Simple columnar
epithelium
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Connective Tissue
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White blood
cells
Red blood
cell
Central
canal
Plasma
Cell
nucleus
Matrix
Blood
Collagen
fiber
Elastic
fibers
Bone
Loose connective tissue
(under the skin)
Cell nucleus
Collagen
fibers
Cartilageforming
cells
Fat
droplets
Fibrous connective
tissue (forming a tendon)
Boneforming
cells
Matrix
Cartilage
(at the end
of a bone)
Adipose
tissue
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Muscle Tissue
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Muscle
fiber
Unit of
muscle
contraction
Muscle
fiber
(cell)
Junction
between
two cells
Nucleus
Cardiac
muscle
Nuclei
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Skeletal
muscle
Smooth
muscle
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Small intestine
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
tissue (two layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
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Respiratory Surface
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Cross section of the
respiratory surface
(the outer skin)
CO2
O2
Capillaries
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Oxygen-poor
blood
Oxygen-rich
blood
Water
flow
Lamella
Blood vessels
Operculum
(gill cover)
Gill arch
Water flow
between
lamellae
Blood flow through
capillaries in a lamella
Countercurrent exchange
Water flow, showing % O2
Gill filaments
Diffusion
of O2 from
water
to blood
100
70
40
15
80
60
30
5
Blood flow in simplified
capillary, showing % O2
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Tracheae
Air sacs
Tracheoles
Opening
for air
Body
cell
Tracheole
Air
sac
Trachea
O2
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Body wall
CO2
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To the
heart
Nasal cavity
Left lung
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
From the
heart
Oxygen-rich
blood
Oxygen-poor
blood
Bronchiole
Larynx
Trachea
CO2
O2
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood
capillaries
Diaphragm
(Heart)
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Morphology
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
The explanation relates
to hairs, called setae, on
the gecko’s toes
– They are arranged
in rows
– Each seta ends in
many split ends
called spatulae,
which have
rounded tips
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Shark
Seal
Penguin
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Eudicot leaf
Vein
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Xylem
Phloem
Mesophyll
Guard
cells
Lower epidermis
Stoma
Sheath
Monocot stem
Eudicot stem
Vascular
bundle
Vascular
bundle
Cortex
Pith
Epidermis
Vascular Xylem
cylinder Phloem
Epidermis
Epidermis
Eudicot root
Phloem
Vascular Xylem
cylinder Central
core of cells
Monocot root
Epidermis
Key
Cortex
Endodermis
Dermal tissue system
Cortex
Ground tissue system
Endodermis
Vascular tissue system
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Eudicot leaf
Vein
Cuticle
Upper
epidermis
Xylem
Phloem
Mesophyll
Guard
cells
Lower
epidermis
Stoma
Sheath
Key
Dermal tissue system
Ground tissue system
Vascular tissue system
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Pits
Secondary
cell wall
Fiber
cells
Primary
cell wall
Fiber
Secondary
cell wall
Primary
cell wall
Sclereid
cells
Pits
Sclereid
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Pits
Vessel element
Tracheids
Pits
Openings
in end wall
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Sieve-tube element
Sieve plate
Companion
cell
Primary
cell wall
Cytoplasm
15 m
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Vascular cylinder
Root hair
Cortex
Epidermis
Zone of
differentiation
Cellulose
fibers
Zone of
elongation
Zone of
cell division
(including
apical
meristem)
Root
cap
Key
Dermal
tissue system
Ground
tissue system
Vascular
tissue system
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Year 1
Late Summer
Year 1
Early Spring
Year 2
Late Summer
Shed
epidermis
Primary
xylem
Vascular
cambium
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary
phloem
Secondary
xylem (wood)
Vascular
cambium
Cork
Cork
cambium
Secondary
phloem
Secondary xylem
(2 years’ growth)
Bark
Key
Dermal tissue system
Ground tissue system
Vascular tissue system
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