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10/6 SI A ECL 365 Digestion 1 1. What type of feeding is important in aquatic vertebrates? 2. What are three functions of the digestive system? 3. What are 3 things important to terrestrial vertebrates that enable them to eat successfully? 4. Describe invertebrate digestion. 5. Describe the differences present in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in terms of teeth and chewing. 6. ________________: “dis-assembly line”; transport along the gut after collection 7. _________________: mouth begins particle size reduction; size must be further reduced to facilitate chemical attack 8. ________________: breakdown of potentially useful materials to molecules used by cells 9. ________________: after breakdown, useful products absorbed and circulated to cells and storage areas 10. What are the types of teeth found in mammals (mentioned in lecture)? What are their purposes? 11. True / False True mastication only occurs in mammals. 12. How is homodont dentition used? 13. How do beaks work for pre-processing? 14. In the _______________ _____________ or throat, food can be moved by cilia but is mostly through ______________ muscular activity also called __________. 15. What type of muscles make of the remainder of the digestive tract? 16. What is peristalsis? 17. True / False The esophagus is well defined in both fish and tetrapods. 18. In which groups is the esophagus sometimes ciliated? 19. Name the modification(s) of the stomach found in birds & crocodiles and in ruminants. 20. What esophageal adaptation is found in birds? 21. What is chyme? 22. In ruminants, ______________ make amino acids, proteins, vitamins, and fatty acids, which are absorbed by the _________. Larger solids are ________________ and ____________ in the mouth. Then are ______________ and pass to the _____________ for physical breakdown. The ________________ is the “true stomach” and contains the 4 usual stomach ____________. 23. Esophagus means “__________________________” in Greek and is made of __________ material that resists scouring. 24. Describe the crop. 25. What does mucus do? Where is it from? 26. True / False Stomachs are not found in all vertebrates. 27. Describe the stomach. 28. Name the 4 stomach epithelia and describe them. 29. ____________ is a digestive enzyme that breaks down protein. ____________ breaks down fats. ________ decreases the pH, making it more acidic and more favorable for __________ 30. Where does most chemical digestion occur? 31. What is the major site of nutrient absorption? 32. How is interal surface area of the intestine enlarged? 33. True / False the pancreas is the glandular outgrowth of the intestine. 34. The large intestine is the major site of ___________ _________________ and ___________ wastes. It is most developed in ______________ vertebrates that need to _________________ water. 35. What does the large intestine terminate into in each of the following? a. Mammals b. Birds c. Reptiles d. Amphibians e. Many Fish 36. True / False The anus and cloaca both discharge feces.