Download CHAPTER 18 Volcanism

Name______________________________________
CHAPTER
Date
245 points
18 Volcanism
SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes
In your textbook, read about the anatomy of a
volcano and volcanic material.
25 points
Class period
In your textbook, read about types of volcanoes.
10-25 Identify the type or types of volcano being described as shield
volcano, cinder-cone volcano, or composite volcano.
volcano.
Completes each statement or answer the question.
1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth’s crust called a
2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a
3. Broad, gently sloping volcanoes with quiet eruptions are called
10._________________ 11.________________
12._______________
_______________13. Forms when tephra are ejected into the air then
fall back to Earth and pile up around a vent
4. The most explosive volcanoes are
_______________14. Has broad, gently sloping sides and a nearly
circular base
5. Where do most volcanoes form?
_______________15. Forms when layers of basaltic lava accumulate
during a nonexplosive eruption
6. What forms when the top or side of a volcano collapses into the
magma chamber?
_______________16. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is an example.
_______________17. Small volcano with steep sides
_______________18. Forms when layers of tephra alternate with lava
_______________19. Forms from lava that contains relatively small
amounts of gases and silica
7. What type of volcano forms where plates move apart?
_______________20. Forms from lava that is higher in water and silica
content than lava that forms shield volcanoes
_______________21. Fueled by magma that contains large amounts
8. When magma reaches Earth’s surface, it is called
of silica, water, and gases
_______________22. Magma that fuels this type of volcano contains
large volumes of gases but not silica and water.
_______________23. Potentially the most dangerous to humans and
9. Volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries are associated with
most destructive to the environment
_______________24. Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier are
examples.
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 1
Name______________________________________
SECTION 18.1
Volcanoes, continued
Date
25 points
Class period
Reviewing Vocabulary
In your textbook, read about where volcanoes occur.
For each item described in Chapter 18 write the word.
Most of the world’s volcanoes form along (25) c__________
plate boundaries. Slabs of oceanic crust descend into the
_t____________1. Volcanic fragments thrown into air during a
(26) m______________________ and melt. The
magma that forms is forced upward through the overlying plate and
forms (27) V_______________ when it reaches Earth’s
surface. The (28) C________ P__________ b_____
marks the locations of most convergent boundary volcanoes. It
volcanic eruption
_v____________2. Internal resistance to flow
_p____________3. Intrusive igneous rock body
_v____ _______4. Opening in Earth’s crust through which lava
erupts (4 letters)
stretches along the (29) w_______________ coasts of North
and South America and down the eastern coast of Asia.
_c____________5. Bowl-shaped depression around a vent at the
At (30) d_______________ plate boundaries, magma is
forced upward into fractures and faults that form as plates separate or
spread apart. Most of the volcanoes that form along divergent
_c____________6. Depression that forms when the top or side
boundaries are located underwater along (31) o________
stationary for long periods of time.
Label the illustration using terms from Chapter 18.
r__________. This type of volcanic activity can be observed
above sea level in (32) I___________ , which sits atop the
top of a volcano
of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber
_h______s_____7. Unusually hot areas in the mantle that are
Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Some volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries form over
(33) h_____ __________, which are unusually hot regions
of Earth’s mantle. At hot spots, high-temperature plumes melt rock.
The magma that forms moves upward toward the (34) c________
and melts the crust to form a volcano. As a tectonic plate moves over a
hot spot, a string of volcanoes forms.
The (35) H__________ I_________ are forming as
the result of a hot spot. Hot spots can also result in the formation of
(36) f________
b______, which erupt from fissures to form
a flat plain or a (37) p__________ rather than volcanic
mountains.
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 2
Name______________________________________
CHAPTER
Date
20 Mountain Building
SECTION 20.1
Class period
The Birth of the Himalayas
Crust–Mantle Relationships
In your textbook, read about Earth’s topography and the
relationships between the crust and the mantle.
Write an answer that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1. Approximately how much of Earth’s surface is below sea
level?
30 points
2. Approximately how much of Earth’s surface is above sea level?
3. The largest percentage of Earth’s surface above sea level ranges in
elevation from 0 km to
4. How far below sea level is the largest percentage of Earth’s surface?
5. Describe the kind of rock and density of the oceanic crust.
In your textbook, read about isostasy and erosion.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
equilibrium
isostatic rebound
mantle
mountains
roots
seamounts
smaller
The greatest challenge for mountain climbers is Mt. Everest, whose peak rises
8,872 meters above sea level. This is the highest mountain in the world, though many
mountains around it are almost as high. Mt. Everest is in the Himalayas, a series of
massive ranges that extends 2,500 kilometers across South Asia north of India. The
Himalayas cover all or part of the countries of Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan.
A climber on the high slopes of Mt. Everest would probably be surprised to learn
that the region was relatively flat about 40 million years ago. It was then that two
continental plates collided. The plate carrying India had been moving northward for
millions of years. The oceanic crust in front of it was slowly subducted under the
Eurasian plate. But when the two continents collided, subduction stopped because
India could not sink into the mantle. Instead, it pushed crust upward and downward.
The Himalayas were one result. Thus, the Himalayas are actually pieces of plates
broken and lifted up because of the collision. Another result of this collision was the
movement of China eastward, as the movement of India northward pushed the
Eurasian plate in front of it. The collision is still occurring today. In fact, the
Himalayas are growing in elevation at a rate of about 1 centimeter per year.
Answer the following questions.
1. Where are the Himalayas?
Isostasy is a condition of (6)_________________between the mass
2. What was the area of the Himalayas like 40 million years ago?
of Earth’s crust and the buoyancy of the mantle. Topographic highs in
3. How did the movement of plates create the Himalayas?
the crust have deep (7) _________________ that extend into the
mantle and provide buoyant support. Continents are said to float on the
4. What else resulted from the collision of those plates?
denser (8) _________________ .
As (9) _________________ rise, deep roots form. As mountains
5. What type of plate boundary exists today along the Himalayas?
are eroded, their roots become (10) _________________. As material is
removed from mountains by erosion, the crust slowly rises. This process
6. If the Himalayas continue to grow in elevation at their present rate,
known as (11) _________________ . Such crustal movements resulting
how tall will Mt. Everest be in one million years?
from isostasy are not restricted to continents, but also occur when volcanic
mountains on the seafloor, called (12)_________________, form.
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 3
Name______________________________________
SECTION 20.2
Date
Class period
Convergent–Boundary Mountains
In your textbook, read about mountains that form as the result of
convergence.
Use the terms below to label the diagrams. On the line below each
diagram, write the name of the type of boundary pictured.
30 points
continental crust deformed sediments fault basin sediments
magma island arc complex volcanic mountains mantle
oceanic crust
subducting plate
trench
continental crust trench magma oceanic crust
sediments subducting plate volcanic mountains
20. Which convergent plate boundary does not include a subduction
zone? Why? not form as the result of continental-convergence
Use
the two plates have the same density be sub
21. How can oceanic sediments become part of continental
mountains?
22. How do the mountains that form along an oceanic-oceanic convergent
boundary differ from those associated with an oceanic-continental convergent
boundary?
Mo
oceanic-oceanic boundary
23. Briefly describe the events that led to the formation of the Appalachian
20. Which convergent plate boundary does not include a subduction zone?
Mountains.
Why?
21. How can oceanic sediments become part of continental mountains?
24. Which are older, the Rocky Mountains or the Appalachian Mountains?
Oceanic sediments may fill the area between a trench and the coast
to form mountains.
Describe the evidence used to distinguish age of mountains.. An island
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 4
Name______________________________________
SECTION 20.3
Other Types of Mountains
In your textbook, read about
divergent–boundary and
nonboundary mountains.
For each item write the word from
the box
Date
30 points
Adirondack Mountains
Basin and Range Province
fault-block mountain
Mauna Kea
ocean ridge
pillow basalts
uplifted mountain
solitary volcanic peaks
_________________ 1.
Region of very broad uplift at a divergent
plate boundary on the ocean floor
_________________ 2. Igneous rocks that form along ocean
ridges
_________________ 3. Forms when a large region of Earth’s
crust is uplifted as a unit
_________________ 4. Example of uplifted mountains
_________________ 5. Forms when large pieces of crust are
tilted, uplifted, or dropped between large
faults
_________________ 6. Example of fault-block mountains
Class period
In your textbook, read about nonboundary mountains.
Answer the following questions.
11. What makes uplifted mountains, fault-block mountains, and hotspot volcanoes different from other mountains?
They generally form far from
12. Describe the rocks that make up uplifted mountains. How are these
rocks different from rocks associated with plate-boundary orogeny?
The rocks of uplifted mountains show little deformation,
unlike the rocks
.
13. Describe how fault-block mountains form.
Fault-block
, uplifted, or
.
14. Describe and classify the mountains of the Basin and Range
Province.
_________________ 7. Form when plates move over hot spots
_________________
in Earth’s mantle
8. Example of hot-spot volcanic peak
Answer the following questions.
9. What causes regional uplift?
Heat from the mantle causes the overlying crust to rebound, or
upward
10. How do mountains form over hot spots?
The mountains of the Basin and
15. How did the mountains of Hawaii form?
16. Which type of mountains are the Wasatch Mountains of Utah?
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 5
Name______________________________________
Date
Video Study Guide: Earth Revealed
Episode 7: Mountain Building
Class period
7.
How does plate tectonics explain how ocean sediments are
found in mountains?
8.
Describe the rock cycle.
9.
Describe the accretion process and how it relates to the
building of the continents.
20 points
Read the questions first. Then answer them while watching
this episode of "Earth Revealed". The video is available online
at http://www.learner.org/vod/video.html?sid=78&po=7 .
1.
What are tectonic processes and what fuels them?
2.
What are cratons?
3.
What types of rock make up the Canadian Shield (as well
as most other cratons)?
4.
5.
10. What is a terrain?
Describe the initial formation of earth's continental crustal
materials.
11. What commonly marks the boundaries of accreted
terrains?
How is greenstone changed into granitic continental rock?
12. What is responsible for the continued uplift of many major
mountain ranges?
13. What is isostasy?
6.
Why are the youngest portions of the continents along the
edges?
14. What two factors contribute to the formation of
mountains?
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 6
Name______________________________________
Formation of the Crust and Continents
In your textbook, read about the formation of Earth’s crust. 25 points
Use each of the terms below to complete the following
statements.
1.
craton
mantle
float
iron
Class period
In your textbook, read about the cores of the continents.
Chapter 22 SECTION 22.2
crust
granite
Date
differentiation
oceanic crust
Complete the table by filling in one of the following terms:
Precambrian Shield, craton, Canadian Shield.
Continental Features
Description
volcanic activity
subduction
1.
2.
When Earth formed, the dense element _______________________
was concentrated in Earth’s core.
3.
2. The deepest and most stable part of a continent is called a
______________________ .
3. The common crustal rock _______________________ is mainly
composed of feldspar, quartz, and mica, which are minerals with low
densities.
4. Early Earth’s crustal fragments, or microcontinents, formed on
Earth’s surface by_______________________.
4.
Feature
General name for a core of Archean and
Proterozoic rock
North American core of Proterozoic
rock
Can be seen over a large part of
Greenland
Buried and most stable parts of a shield
In your textbook, read about the growth of continents.
Answer the following questions.
15. What is Laurentia?
formed the core of modern-day North America
5. Denser minerals concentrated below Earth’s surface and formed the
rocks that make up Earth’s _______________________ .
16. What is a microcontinent?
6. The process by which a planet becomes internally zoned is called
_______________________.
17. What is the seam called that forms when two microcontinents join
of continental crust
together?
7. Earth’s _______________________ probably formed as a result of the
cooling of the uppermost mantle.
A
8. Sediment-covered slabs of Earth’s earliest crust were recycled into
the mantle at _______________________ zones.
18. What happened when volcanic islands collided with Laurentia between
9. Less-dense material such as crust has a tendency to
_______________________ on more-dense material such as the
mantle.
10. A difference in density causes the _______________________ to be
lower in elevation than the less-dense granitic continental crust.
1.8 and1.6 billion years ago?
The collision added more than 1000 km of continental crust to
southern \
19. Describe the Grenville Orogeny.
The Grenville Orogeny is the final phase of the Proterozoic
1.2 n years ago.
20. Find Utah on the map of North America (page 626).
Illustrate and label the ages of each portion of Utah.
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 7
Name______________________________________
Applying Scientific Methods
Date
20 points
Read a geologist’s report below on one area of Alaska.
Then use the information to answer the questions.
The central Brooks Range of Alaska is an area of rugged, east-trending ridges
with heights of up to about 2500 m. This range, which stretches across northern
Alaska, is part of the Rocky Mountain system. Sedimentary rocks are common in
the Brooks Range. These rocks are complexly folded and faulted in the Brooks
Range and are less deformed elsewhere. Some marine sedimentary rocks contain
small fossils of invertebrates, shells, and corals and are found near the mountains’
summits of the Brooks Range. The fossils provide information that is useful in
dating rocks and establishing the geological sequence.
Metamorphic rocks, such as marble and dolomite, are found along the south
side of the range. Several episodes of uplift, deformation, and intrusion have
produced complexly folded, fractured, and thrust faulted blocks. Erosion and
heavy glaciation account for the rugged mountain profiles and U-shaped valleys
evident today.
Class period
Thinking Critically
Use the map of the Hawaiian Islands to answer the following questions.
The dates on the map represent the approximate times (millions of years
before the present [M.Y.B.P.]) that the islands formed.
1. Describe the kind of orogeny that formed these islands that are far from
tectonic plate boundaries.
2. According to the map, list the Hawaiian Islands in order from oldest to
youngest.
1. Note that the mountains’ roots extend into the mantle. Which
mountain range has the greatest mass above Earth’s surface?
3. Where would you expect the next island in the group to form?
Describe its location and mark the place on the map.
2. From the diagram, what type of plate boundary exists in the south?
4. How do the shapes of the mountains in this complex differ from the shapes
3. How does the Chugach Range appear to have formed?
4. From the evidence presented in the report, how do you think the
Brooks Range formed? What led you to this conclusion?
of volcanoes in large mountain ranges?
5. How does the formation of these mountains change the underlying
crust?
5. How can you explain the presence of marine sedimentary rock in
the Brooks Range?
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 8
Name______________________________________
Date
Class period
The Dynamic Earth
20 points
UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Match the geologic phenomenon or process below with the correct
group of terms.
earthquake
intrusive activity orogeny
plate tectonics
volcano
_________________ 1. Seafloor spreading, ridge push, slab
pull
2. Batholiths, stocks, laccoliths
_________________
_________________ 3. Caldera, crater, hot spot
_________________ 4. Fault, seismic waves, epicenter
_________________ 5. Folding, faulting, uplift
12. Explain how mantle plumes provide evidence for the rate and
direction of tectonic plate motion. Draw an arrow on the diagram to
help explain the process.
Use each of the terms below to complete the statements.
convection currents faults
hot spot
magnetic patterns
modified-Mercalli scale
volcanoes
6. Evidence of seafloor spreading is provided by
symmetric_________________ of ocean-floor rocks.
7. Plate movements are related to ______________ in Earth’s
mantle that cause warm matter to rise and cool matter to sink.
8. Cinder-cone, shield, and composite are three types of
_________________.
9. Earthquakes occur when stress in rock is released at breaks in
Earth’s crust called _________________.
10. An earthquake’s intensity, or the amount of damage it causes, is
measured on the _________________.
11. A solitary volcanic peak may form when a plate moves over a
_________________ in Earth’s mantle.
13. Describe evidence that the Yellowstone Hot Spot Volcano has
moved in geological time.
Describe evidence that the Yellowstone Volcano has not erupted in
recent geological time.
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 9
Name______________________________________
Date
6
Mountain Building
Across
20 points
6. pluton that cuts across preexisting rocks and often forms when
magma invades cracks in surrounding rock
7. batholiths, stocks, sills, or dikes
8. unusually hot area in Earth's mantle that is stationary for long periods of time
where higher temperature plumes of mantle material rise toward the surface
10. igneous rock formed when magma pushes through dikes and erupts onto
the seafloor
12. pluton that forms when magma intrudes parallel rock layers
13. large, igneous rock mass that is common in the interior of major mountain
chains
16. large crater that can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses
into the magma chamber during or after an eruption
18. bowl-shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the summit
of a volcano
19. what is built by volcanoes or when land is pushed upward by earthquake
faults; as described in chapter 20 in the textbook
20. irregular shaped pluton smaller than a batholith that cuts across older rocks
Down
1. slow process of Earth's crust rising as the result of the removal of mass from
the crust
2. relatively smaller, mushroom-shaped pluton that forms when magma
intrudes into parallel rock layers close to Earth's surface
3. opening in Earth's crust through lava erupts and flows out onto the surface
4. large sloping volcano built by violent eruptions of volcanic fragments and
lava that accumulate in alternating layers
5. condition of equilibrium that describes the displacement of Earth's mantle by
Earth's continental and oceanic crust
9. rock fragments that are thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption and fall
to the ground
11. broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by nonexplosive eruptions of
basaltic lava that accumulates in layers
14. type of mountains that form when large pieces of crust are tilted, uplifted, or
dropped downward between large normal faults
15. steep-sided smaller volcano that is built by the accumulation of tephra
around the vent
17. cycle of processes that form all mountain ranges, resulting in broad
mountain belts, most of which are associated with plate boundaries
Class period
2
12
13
20
10
15
11
4
Created by Puzzlemaker at DiscoveryEducation.com
14
Standard 2: Students will understand Earth’s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface.
Objective 2: Describe the development of the current theory of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports this theory.
Objective 3: Demonstrate how the motion of tectonic plates affects Earth and living things.
Page 10