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The Solar System Section I The Solar System Modern View solar system includes Sun, eight planets, many small objects, and a HUGE VOLUME OF SPACE!!!!!!!!!! Solar Nebula Theory How solar system/planets began Started with a nebula of gas, ice, and dust slowly formed in space Nebula – cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, plasma – partially ionized gas, free electrons with out an atom/nucleus Plasma The cloud began to rotate in space Formed a thin disk of gas and dust around forming sun (protosun) Planets (protoplanet) grow from gas and dust in disk Ideas about the night sky have changed over time Earth-centered model – early Greeks thought planets, Sun, Moon, and stars rotated around Earth Geocentric Sun-Centered model Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei observed that the moon revolved around Earth and that Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun Heliocentric Copernicus came up with this model Sun is the center of the solar system, everything revolves around it The Planets First four inner planets – small and rocky with iron cores. Last four outer planets – large and gaseous Why? The only elements left after the sun was created were those with high melting points (metals) Johannes Kepler Discovered elliptical pattern of planet orbits Planets travel at different speeds in their orbits around the sun Planets closer to sun travel faster, farther travels slower Orbital velocity is the speed of a planet - Observing the Solar System Planet Speed Versus Distance Johannes Kepler discovered a relationship between the speed of a planet and its distance from the sun. Use the graph to discover what Kepler learned. Planet Speed Versus Distance Reading Graphs: According to the graph, what is Earth’s average speed? About 30 km/s Planet Speed Versus Distance Drawing Conclusions: What is the general relationship between a planet’s speed and its average distance from the sun? Planets that are closer to the sun move faster. Planet Speed Versus Distance Predicting: The planet Uranus is about 2,900 million km from the sun. Predict whether its speed is greater or less than Jupiter's speed. Explain your answer. Uranus’s speed is less than that of Jupiter because Uranus is farther from the sun than Jupiter. Section II The Inner Planets Planet/Dwarf Planet Qualifications Planet a celestial body that: Is in orbit around sun has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit Dwarf Planet A celestial body that: is in orbit around the Sun has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit is not a satellite The Inner Planets Terrestrial planets are made of rock and metals Mercury Distance: .387 AU Moon/Rings: none Atm: none Avg. temp: 127˚C (261F) Composition: Rock and metal Water: ice trapped in shaded areas Oddities: has lobate scarps caused by shrinking of planet when cooled, smallest planet; rev. 88 days, rot. 59 days Story Bots Mercury Song Mercury as You've Never Seen It Before | Wired Science from Wired.com Venus Distance: .723 AU Moons/Rings: none Atm: very thick, 96% carbon dioxide, pressure 90x Earth’s Avg. Temp: 482˚C (900F) Composition: rock and metal Water: none Oddities: thick atm. causes increased greenhouse effect, retrograde rotation, Earth’s twin, sulfuric acid in atmosphere; rev. 225 days, rot. 243 days Retrograde vs. Direct Rotation Retrograde: (clockwise) Spinning in the opposite direction of the other planets Direct rotation: (counter-clockwise) most planets spin in this direction Venus Uranus causes an intense greenhouse effect Results in surface temperatures between 450°C and 475°C Earth Distance: 1 AU (150 million km) Moons/Rings: 1 - Luna Atm: mostly Nitrogen Avg. Temp: 15˚C (59F) Composition: rock and metals (silicates) Water: large amounts of liquid water Oddities: liquid water ___________________ AU = astronomical unit 1 AU = the distance from the Sun to the Earth More than 70% of surface covered with water Water is solid, liquid, gas b/c of position in solar system Atmosphere protects surface from most meteors and Sun’s radiation Mars Distance: 1.52 AU Moons/Rings: 2 moons, Deimos, Phobos Atm: thin, 95% carbon dioxide Avg. Temp: - 63˚C (-81F) Composition: Rock and metal Water: frozen water at poles/underground Oddities: outflow channels, dust storms, has largest volcano – Olympus Mons, red in color; rev. 687 days, rot. 24 h 37 min Has largest volcano in the solar system Olympus Mons 3x taller than Mt. Everest Soil shows NO evidence of life……….. perhaps…………… Has gullies and deposits of soil and rocks, which may indicate the presence of liquid groundwater Strong winds caused by differences in temperature between day and night Causing strong dust storms Is tilted on its axis, which causes seasons Two small moons, Phobos and Deimos Believed to have been pulled from the asteroid belt when they passed too close to Mars and was pulled in by Mars’ gravitational pull Asteroid Belt A piece of rock similar to planet material Divides inner planets (Mars) from outer planets (Jupiter) Asteroids can be a few feet to several hundred miles wide. contains at least 40,000 asteroids that are more than 0.5 mile across. Collide with each other to make more/smaller 951 Gaspra Scientists believe that the gravitational pull of Jupiter keeps the inner planets from bombardment by asteroids Section III The Outer Planets Outer Planets Gaseous planets or made of gases Also known as the “gas giants” Tend to be oblate Jupiter Distance: 5.2 AU Moons/Rings: 60+ largest are Ganymede (largest in solar system), Io, Callisto, Europa / yes rings of smoke-sized particles Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium gas Avg. Temp: -108˚C surface (-162F) Composition: mostly gas, possible liquid helium/ hydrogen interior, possible rocky core Water: droplets in lower cloud layers Oddities: Great Red Spot – continuous storm; rev. 12 years, rot. 9h 50 min, wind speeds 540 km/h The Great Red Spot is the most spectacular of Jupiter’s many constant high-pressure gas storms Three Earth’s would fit inside of this “hurricane” Has at least 61 moons – four are large and have atmospheres Io is very volcanically active; the closest large moon to Jupiter Europa composed mostly of rock; may have an ocean of water under a thick layer of ice Only other place water may exist Ganymede largest moon in solar system, even larger than planet Mercury Callisto cratered rock and ice crust Saturn Distance: 9.54 AU Moons/Rings: 60+ moons, largest is Titan / rings made of ice particles (aggregate size to snow) Atm: mostly hydrogen and helium gas Avg. Temp: -139˚C (-218F) Composition: mostly gas, possible liquid helium/hydrogen interior, possible rocky core Water: ice only Oddities: floats, less dense than water rev. 29.5 year, rot. 10 h 30 min Saturn’s Auroras Each large ring composed of thousands of ringlets of ice and rock particles Uranus Distance: 19.19 AU Moons/Rings: 20+ moons largest Titania/ rings of dark boulders discovered during occulation Atm: mostly hydrogen and helium gas Avg. Temp: -197˚C (-323F) Composition: mostly gas, methane ice interior Water: water ice in mantle Oddities: retrograde rotation, rotates on its side where its axis of rotation in parallel to its orbit; rev 84 years, rot. 17 h Axis of rotation nearly parallel to plane of orbit Neptune Distance: 30.06 AU Moons/Rings: 10+ largest Triton / lightweight, dark particle (see through occulation) Atm: mostly hydrogen, helium, methane Avg. Temp: -200˚C (-328F) Composition: mostly gas, methane ice interior, possible rocky core Water: slushy ice in mantle Oddities: methane makes blue color, storms – The Great Dark Spot, “Scooter”, sometimes further from the sun than Pluto; rev. 164 years, rot. 16 h; winds 1,000 km/h bluish-green colored atmosphere similar to that of Uranus (methane) Storms on Neptune reveal an active and rapidly changing atmosphere has at least 11 moons, of which pinkish Triton is largest Kuiper Belt A belt of icy objects past Neptune’s orbit Some astronomers believe Pluto and Charon are part of that belt Dwarf Planets Why isn’t Pluto a planet anymore? 25 facts Pluto Distance: 39.53 AU Moons/Rings: 3 moons – Charon, Hydra, Nix / no rings Atm: thin – Nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane Avg. Temp: -215˚C (-355F) Composition: Frozen nitrogen and rock Water: none Oddities: only has atmosphere when closer to the sun than Neptune, inside of Neptune’s orbit During part of Pluto’s 248 year orbit it is closer than Neptune Unknown composition appears solid Double planet Other Dwarf Planets Ceres: distance - 2.76 AU Sedna: distance – 526.6 AU Eris: distance – 67.7 AU largest Order Mercury Venus Earth Mars (Ceres) Asteroid belt Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Kuiper Belt Pluto (Eris) Oort Cloud (Sedna) Why is it not feasible for an astronaut to visit any planets? Takes to long to get there Weak bones and muscles Section III Other objects Comet Dust and rock particles combined with frozen water, methane, and ammonia Dirty snowball Nucleus – mass of frozen ice and rock Coma – gases and released dust vaporized from the heat of the sun Dust/Gas tail – forms from solar wind pushing gases and dusts in coma Comet structure Comets Ice and dust vaporize as comet nears Sun. Vaporized material forms bright cloud called coma around comet nucleus. Solar wind pushes tail away from sun. Oort Cloud large group of comets surrounding solar system beyond Pluto. Amateur astronomers discovered Hale-Bopp in 1995. Meteoroid – piece of broken up comet moving through space Meteor – meteoroid that burns in the Earth’s atmosphere Meteorite – meteoroid that strikes Earth B. (3.) Meteor Showers: occur when Earth’s orbit passes through a group of meteoroids that enter the atmosphere. What is a shooting star? It is NOT a star!! Look Familiar?????? Shooting Star: A meteor that is burning up in the Earth's atmosphere. Weight Chart Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Sun 0.4 0.9 1 0.17 0.4 2.5 1.1 0.8 1.2 0.01 28 Age Chart Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto 88 Earth days 225 Earth days 365 Earth days 687 Earth days 12 Earth years 29.5 Earth years 84 Earth years 165 Earth years 248 Earth years