Download WHICh5Sec3SpartaAthens-2016 - Alabama School of Fine Arts

ATHENS
SPARTA
• Sparta was
located in
southern Greece,
in the
Peloponnesus.
• Sparta was the
city, Laconia was
the region
around Sparta.
• “Spartan” means
very plain and
simple
• “Laconic” means
using few words.
• Spartans were
both “spartan”
and “laconic”.
SPARTA-Culture
• Primary focus on
the military and
being prepared for
war.
• Social Groups:
– “Spartan Equals”
– Half-citizens
– Helots
Social Groups
• “Spartan Equals” or
“Spartiates”
– upper class of Sparta;
warriors and ruling class
– About 10,000 of them
– “Equal” to each other,
but superior to the other
people
– Lived very plain and
simple lives
Social classes
• Half citizen (Perioikoi)
– Free, not slaves, but not
full citizens
– Farmers and craftsmen
– Paid taxes and
sometimes served in the
military
– Few political rights
• Helots
SOCIAL CLASSES
– State-owned slaves of the
Spartan Equals
– Descendants of the people
called the Messenians, who
were originally neighbors of
the Spartans;
– Worked on the land of the
Spartan Equals;
– Fear of a helot uprising led
to the bizarre military
culture of Sparta
– 10 helots for every Sparta
Equal
You have a choice,
give up all your
land and
possessions and
become our slave
or we will kill you!
Life & training of a Spartan Equal
(male)-Birth
• Birth-Examined by a
committee from the
Spartan government.
Weak babies were
“exposed” (put out to
die)
• 0-7: Lived at home with
their mothers
Plutarch (46-120AD)- “Parallel
Lives”
• “The women did not bathe
the babies with water, but
with wine, making it a
sort of test of their
strength. For they say
that the epileptic and
sickly ones lose control
and go into convulsions,
but the healthy ones are
rather toughened like
steel and strengthened in
their physique . . . “
• “The nurses displayed care
and skill: they did not use
swaddling-bands, making
the babies free in their limbs
and bodies. They also made
them sensible and not fussy
about their food, not afraid
of the dark or frightened of
being left alone, not inclined
to unpleasant awkwardness
or whining. So even some
foreigners acquired Spartan
nurses for their children.”
Age 7-About 18
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age 7: began the training-the “agoge”
left home-moved into army barracks
Strict physical training
Learned to obey elders;
Intentionally underfed; encouraged to steal
Developed close friendships with boys their age
They learned to fight with one mind & one will
Unlike this
picture, we
actually wear
almost no
clothes!
About 18-20
We are mean,
really mean;
we are the
Eagle Scouts
from hell!
• Krypteia (“secret police”) at 18, the best
boys became members of the Krypteia for
2 years; lived out-of-doors; spied on the
helots, and were authorized to kill any
suspected of disloyalty
About Age 20-30
• Officially joined the army
• Became members of a “mess” – a group that ate, lived
& trained together
• Married, but continued to live in the barracks with
their mess;
Don’t have
much time
• Didn’t live with their wives until age 30.
for women
yet; gotta
focus on
the army
About Age 30-60
Still in active military service
– Were assigned an estate where they lived with
their wives.
– However, they continued to train each day
and eat their main meal with their “mess”
Still in the
army;
that’s the
life of a
Spartan!!
Age 60+
– retired from military duty
– could become a member of the
Council of Elders (Gerousia)
We are
tough old
men. This
is
Sparta!!!!
The Spartan Army
• Best army in Greece, one of the
best in the world
• Had shields with a Ʌ (lambda) for Laconia
• Story of the 300 Spartans at Thermopylae
I hope we get
through airport
security!
Daily life in Sparta
• Discouraged arts, literature, philosophy &
science
• Very simple food-most famous was black soup
made from pig’s blood
• Women had a more important role than in other
Greek cities; they carried on everyday life while
the men were training for the army.
Spartan Girls
• Raised at home by the mothers
• Expected to exercise and take
part in sports, to be strong and
healthy and have healthy sons
• Could own property, didn’t
have to stay in the house
• Actually had more freedom
than women in other Greek
poleis
Spartan Girls
Spartan government
2 Hereditary “Kings”– One stayed home/one led the army in
the field
Council of Elders –
– 28 Spartan Equals over 60 years of age.
– Proposed laws and policies.
Assembly –
– all Spartan Equal men over 30.
– Voted whether to accept/reject proposals by the
Council of Elders
5 Ephors –
– elected by the assembly for one year term.
– Carried out the day to day business of government.
• Athens was
located on the
“Attic” peninsula
• Region around
Athens was
called “Attica”
Sparta
• Strength
• Duty
• Discipline
Athens
• Individuality
• Creativity
• Freedom (for Athenian
men)
Athens
• Many Athenians earned
their living as fisherman
or traders. Some were
farmers, but the land is
poor, and farming is
hard. The only thing
that grows well is olive
trees.
• The port was called
Piraeus. Athens was
slightly inland from the
sea.
• Athens was built
around a high
rocky hill. The
hill was the
acropolis. There
was a market
around it called
the agora.
ATHENIAN SOCIETY
• Citizens
• Metics
• Slaves
–.
CITIZENS
• People born in Athens,
of Athenian citizen
parents
• Included the rich and
the poor
• Women were
technically considered
citizens, but had few
rights; only male
citizens had full
political rights.
I am a
citizen
of
Athens!
Am I really
a citizen? I
have
almost no
rights!
METICS
• Free, non-citizen
residents of Athens
• Included people born
outside Athens, or
whose parents were
not citizens.
• Usually merchants or
artisans; could not
own land.
I was born in
another
country. I am
a wealthy
merchant but
I will never be
a citizen. My
children will
never be
citizens either.
SLAVES
• Usually captured
in war.
• In early times,
they could be
debt slaves, but
Athens changed
this.
I make it possible
for the Athenian
citizens to be
creative.
History of the Government of Athens
• MONARCHY: Before about 800BC, it was a
monarchy, with a king
• ARISTOCRACY
– About 800BC, the monarchy ended (there is no
record of how this happened), and Athens
became an aristocracy, ruled mostly by the landowning nobles.
– Ordinary citizens did have some rights; they could
vote, but could not hold office.
– 9 officials called Archons were elected each year
(they had to be land-owning nobles).
LAWS OF DRACO: 621BC
• Before 621BC, the laws of Athens were
not written
• Common people complained about
this, and demanded that the laws be
written. The aristocrats finally agreed.
• In 621BC, an Athenian named Draco
was commissioned to write them.
• The law code he wrote was VERY harsh
and severe.
• Thus, even today, a very harsh law is
called a “Draconian” law.
I was
named for
the original
Draco of
Athens.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF GROWING
WEALTH 600s-500sBC
• Many people were becoming
wealthy from increasing trade.
• However, the poor were getting
poorer. Some poor people
borrowed from the rich and
then couldn’t repay the debt.
• If they couldn’t pay, they were
forced to sell their wives &
children, and finally themselves
to pay the debts. They became
“debt slaves”.
• The discontent and anger
spread, and the poor were
about to take the city by force.
REFORMS OF SOLON. ATHENS
BECOMES AN OLIGARCHY
• The citizens, nobles,
other rich people, and
poor, met. They
entrusted a wise man
named Solon with the
job of reforming the
laws.
My name
has come
to mean a
wise law
giver.
Economic Reforms of Solon
• Abolished debt slavery for
Athenian citizens. No
citizen could become a
slave because of debt.
• He gave everyone a fresh
start by erasing all debts,
just once.
Political Reforms of Solon
• Divided citizens into 4 groups, based
on wealth (rather than inherited
noble status).
– Men from the two richest groups
could hold office, including
Archon.
– In effect, Athens made the
transition from aristocracy to
oligarchy.
• All male citizens were members of the
Assembly, who the Assembly elected
the Archons and other officials.
• Even today, a wise statesman is
called a “Solon”.
I made wise,
moderate
reforms,
nothing too
radical
TYRANNY IN ATHENS (546BCAthena
527BC)
herself says,
• There was a period when
a man named
Peisistratus got control
of the city government
and became the “tyrant
of Athens.”
• Archons were still elected
the same way, its just
that he or his men
always got elected.
“Vote for
Peisistratus
(that’s me)”
TYRANNY IN ATHENS (546BC527BC)
• Peisistratus got this power by
gaining the strong support of the
poor and other common people.
– He “bought” their votes by doing
favors for them.
– He created jobs for his supporters
– confiscated the lands of some of the
wealthy (he found a legal excuse),
and divided them among the poor.
– He controlled politics for about 20
years. He was a “Tyrant”
I will do
ANYTHING
to get your
vote!
TYRANNY IN ATHENS (546BC-527BC)
• The economy of Athens actually
improved while he was in power, and
the poor came to feel “empowered”.
• Then after Peisistratus died, his sons
Hippias and Hipparchus tried to step
into his role, but failed miserably.
• By 507BC, Athens was in complete
turmoil.
• Some aristocrats in Athens even wanted
the Spartans to come in and restore order!
• The aristocrats briefly returned to power.
DEMOCRATIC REFORMS of CLEISTHENES
• A man named Cleisthenes rose and “seized power”
in this turmoil.
• He was an aristocrat, but very idealistic.
• He had a new plan, and the city adopted it.
• In 507BC, under the reforms of Cleisthenes, Athens
became a direct democracy
I came up
with the plan
for the
Athenian
democracy!
Council of 500 (Boule)
• All citizens were divided into 10 groups called “tribes”
• Each tribe chose 50 men, a “committee”, by drawing
names (by lot).
• These 50 member committees from each tribe formed the
COUNCIL OF 500
•
•
•
•
50 x 10 tribes.
The Council of 500 served for 1 year;
No one could serve more than twice.
The Council proposed laws & policies to submit for a vote to the
Assembly.
• Each month a different tribal “committee” presided, and
each day of the month, a different member of that tribal
committee was chosen by lot, to be the “President for a
Day”.
Ted-Athenian Democracy
Assembly (Ecclesia)
• All the male citizens over 18
• Had the final say on everything.
They voted directly on all laws
and policies.
• Met twice a month on the Pnyx
Hill.
• They debated and discussed. It
was a mad-house.
• It was the duty of every citizen to
attend. If he didn’t, he was
painted with red paint.
Archons
• The ASSEMBLY also voted
for 9 ARCHONS who were
magistrates with certain
duties, including that of
being general.
• Any male citizen,
regardless of wealth,
could hold any office in
Athens
Juries
• JURIES of citizens
decided all criminal
cases. There was no
judge.
• A jury could be 101 men
to 1001 men, but the
usual number was 501.
• Jurors were chosen by
lot (drawing names)
from all the male
citizens using a machine
called a kleroterion
Ostracism
• Every once in a while, there was
a special vote called an
“ostracism”.
• Each Assembly member voted
for their least favorite person.
• The “winner” was exiled for 10
years.
• The word “ostracism” comes
from the Greek word “ostraka”,
which was a piece of broken
pottery on which the voter
wrote the name of the person
he wanted ostracized.
Democracy in Athens
• From 507BC-404BC, Athens had a direct
democracy
• All adult male citizens, rich or poor, participated.
Remember, women, metics and slaves did not
participate.
• One of the main differences between democracy in
Athens and democracy in America, is that we don’t
vote directly on most laws and policies. We vote for
representatives who vote on laws and policies. We
have a “representative democracy”, also called a
republic.
Pericles
• Pericles was the
greatest Athenian
statesman of the
period 461BC-429BC,
the “Golden Age”.
• Pericles proposed, and
the Assembly passed
legislation that made
democratic Athens
even more truly
democratic.
• .
Pericles
• Often poor men didn’t want to attend
the Assembly or hold office because they
couldn’t afford the time away from their
jobs or farms.
• He proposed a law that PAID citizens
the average wage of an Athenian
workman for time spent on government.
• This made it truly possibly for poor
citizens to participate fully.
Pericles’ Funeral Oration
• Pericles made a famous
speech at the funeral of
men who died in the
Peloponnesian War (which
we will learn about in the
next section). It eloquently
describes what made
Athens worth dying for,
and what democracy was
all about
Pericles’ Funeral Oration
• “Our constitution does not copy the laws of
neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to
others than imitators ourselves
• It’s administration favors the many instead of the
few; this is why it is called a democracy.
• If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to
all in the private differences; if we look to social
standing, advancement in public life depends on
ability; class considerations are not allowed to
interfere with merit.
Pericles’ Funeral Oration
• “The freedom which we enjoy in our
government extends also to our ordinary life.
• There, far from exercising a jealous
surveillance (secret observation) over each
other, we do not feel called upon to be angry
with our neighbor for doing what he likes.
• But all this ease in our private relations does
not make us lawless as citizens. Against this
fear is our chief safeguard, teaching us to
obey the magistrates and the laws.”
– Pericles
Thucydides
• Athenian historian during the
“golden age”.
• He recorded events during this
period, including the famous
speech of Pericles.
• He tried to be unbiased. He
tells us when he directly
observed what he records, or
when he got his information
2nd hand.