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BIOCHEMISTRY ATOMS • ATOM= BASIC UNIT OF MATTER. • ATOMS CONTAIN: - PROTONS= SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITH A POSITIVE CHARGE. LOCATED INSIDE NUCLEUS. - NEUTRONS= SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITH NO CHARGE. (NEUTRAL). LOCATED INSIDE NUCLEUS. - ELECTRONS= SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITH A NEGATIVE CHARGE. THESE ORBIT AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS. ATOMS WITH CHARGES= IONS • ANIONS= ATOMS WITH A NEGATIVE CHARGE. • CATIONS= ATOMS WITH A POSITIVE CHARGE. • PROTONS-ELECTRONS= CHARGE OF ION BONDING OF ATOMS • COMPOUND= A SUBSTANCE MADE OF THE SAME MOLECULES. EX. O2 • MOLECULE= THE PRODUCT OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS JOINED BY CHEMICAL BONDS. EX. SALT IONIC BONDS • IONIC BONDS ARE FORMED WHEN ATOMS TRANSFER ELECTRONS. “GIVE & TAKE” • EX: Na (sodium) gives an electron to Cl (chlorine) • NaCl is formed (salt) • Special ionic salts dissolved in water are called electrolytes. • Ionic solids form geometric crystals or crystal lattices based on the arrangement of positive and negative ions. COVALENT BONDS • COVALENT BONDS ARE FORMED WITH TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS SHARE VALENCE ELECTRONS. • RULE 1: ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FORM COVALENT BONDS. • RULE 2: NON-METALS FORM COVALENT BONDS. • EX: 2 HYDROGEN ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS WITH AN OXYGEN ATOM. THIS FORMS H2O (WATER) BONDS • POLAR MOLECULES= SLIGHTLY CHARGED AND PULLS OTHER ATOMS CLOSER. EX: WATER • HYDROGEN BONDING= FORMS WITH HYDROGEN ATOMS PARTICIPATE IN BONDING WITH OTHER ATOMS. CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY • CHEMICAL FORMULA= USES SYMBOLS TO SHOW HOW MOLECULE AND ATOMS REACT TO FORM NEW SUBSTANCES. • EX: __________________________________________________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS pH Scale • pH is short for “potential of hydrogen” • The scale ranges from 0-14. • 1-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic. • Ex. Of an acid: Soda • Ex. Of a Neutral Substance: Water • Ex. Of a base: Soap pH Scale • ACIDS: THERE ARE HYDROGEN IONS. H+ • BASES: THERE ARE HYDROXIDE IONS. OH• H+ + OH-= H2O (WHICH IS NEUTRAL) pH Scale • Indicator= these turn different colors, depending on the pH of a solution. • Ex. Litmus paper. KEY ELEMENTS • ELEMENT: A TYPE OF MATTER MADE OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO A SIMPLER STRUCTURE. • THERE ARE SIX ELEMENTS COMMONLY FOUND IN LIVING CELLS. (SPONCH) 1. SULFUR 2. PHOSPHOROUS 3. OXYGEN 4. NITROGEN 5. CARBON 6. HYDROGEN THESE ELEMENTS MAKE UP 99% OF ALL LIVING TISSUE. ORGANIC & INORGANIC MOLECULES • ORGANIC MOLECULES: THESE MOLECULES CONTAIN CARBON • INORGANIC MOLECULES: THESE MOLECULES DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON BIOMOLECUES= MOLECULES IN THE BODY • THE 4 PRIMARY CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES ARE: 1. CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS) 2. LIPIDS (FATS) 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS - EACH OF THESE IS A POLYMER, WHICH IS A LONG CHAIN OF MONOMERS CARBOHYDRATES • CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS. THESE ARE AN ENERGY SOURCE. • THE SIMPLEST CARBS ARE MONOSACCHARIDES. • TWO MONOSACCHARIDES FORM DISACCHARIDES. • MANY MONOSACCHARIDES FORM POLYSACCHARIDES. LIPIDS • LIPIDS ARE FATS. • THESE ARE MADE UP OF CHAINS OF METHYL UNITS. • IMPORTANT LIPIDS INCLUDE: WAXES, STEROIDS, FATTY ACIDS, AND TRIGLYCERIDES. NUCLEIC ACIDS • THESE ARE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL. • THEY MAKE UP DNA & RNA. PROTEINS • THESE ARE MADE OF LONG, LINEAR CHAINS OF POLYPEPTIDES. • THE POLYPEPTIDE ITSELF IS MADE OF A CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS. • THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS. CATALYSTS & ENZYMES • CATALYST= A SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION. • CATALYSTS LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY TO SPEED UP THE REACTION. • ACTIVATION ENERGY= THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION. ENZYMES • ENZYMES= PROTEINS THAT COMBINE WITH SUBSTRATES TO SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTION RATES. (ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS) PROPERTIES OF WATER • COHESION= WATER MOLECULES ARE ATTRACTED TO OTHER WATER MOLECULES. (THIS IS WHY ICE FLOATS, SOME INSECTS CAN WALK ON TOP OF WATER, ETC.) • ADHESION= WATER-LOVING MOLECULES (HYDROPHILIC) ARE ATTRACTED TO WATER. (THIS IS WHY WATER IS ABLE TO DISSOLVE SUBSTANCES, LIKE SALT) • SPECIFIC HEAT= THIS IS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY IT TAKES TO CHANGE ONE GRAM OF WATER ONE DEGREE CELSIUS. CELLULAR ENERGY • BOND STRENGTH: A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO BREAK A BOND. • WHEN BONDS BREAK, ENERGY IS RELEASED. • WHEN BONDS FORM, ENERGY IS STORED. CELLULAR ENERGY • FREE ENERGY= ENERGY AVAILABLE TO DO WORK IS STORED IN THE CHEMICAL BONDS OF MOLECULES. WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS, IT CONVERTS THE FREE ENERGY IN GLUCOSE INTO ENERGY USED BY THE MUSCLE CELLS. • CELLULAR RESPIRATION= THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN GLUCOSE FROM THE FOOD YOU EAT INTO ENERGY THAT YOUR BODY CAN USE. CELLULAR ENERGY • CELLULAR ENERGY IS STORED IN THE FORM OF A MOLECULE CALLED ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)