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Sumerian Civilization c. 3500-2350 B C invented writing and used it to keep records on clay tablets. Ramses the Great was one of Egypt's great pharaohs. The Minoans traded vessels like this one throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Important Dates c. 4000-3000 BC The first cities are founded in Sumer. c. 3500 BC The Sumerians invent writing. c. 3500 BC Maize (com) is domesticated in c. 3200 BC c.3100BC c. 2500 BC c. 2350 BC c. 1750 BC c. 1250 BC c. 11 oo BC R42 Mesoamerica. The Sumerians invent the wheel. Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt are united. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is built in Egypt. The first empire is created in Mesopotamia. The earliest known set of written laws is issued by Hammurabi. Hinduism begins to develop. The Phoenicians create an alphabet. FAGS ABOUT THE WORLD c. 1050 BC Saul becomes the first King of Israel. c. 500 BC Buddhism begins to develop. c. 500 BC Athens becomes the world's first democracy. c. 140 BC Confucianism becomes China's official government philosophy. c. 100 BC The Silk Road connects China and Southwest Asia. 27 BC The Roman Empire begins. c. AD 30 Christianity begins to develop. c. AD 200 The Maya build large cities in Mesoamerica. c. AD 320 The Gupta dynasty begins in India. AD 476 The western Roman Empire falls. dynasty created Heautiful bronze Roman civilization grew to dominate the entire Mediterranean region. Shang Dynasty c. 1500- 1050 BC Olmec Civilization c. 1200- 400 BC I The ancient Greeks made great advances in sculpture, art, and literature. The Roman World c. 509 BC-AD 476 I Han Dynasty c. 206 BC- AD 220 Gupta Dynasty c. AD 320-550 Important People Sargon (c. 2350 BC) was a king of Akkad, a land north of Sumer. He created a powerful army and used it to build the world's first empire. Hammurabi (ruled c. 1792-1750 BC) founded the Babylonian Empire and issued the first known written code of laws. Queen Hatshepsut (ruled c. 1503-1482 BC) was a ruler of Egypt who expanded trade routes. Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-483 BC) was an Indian prince who became known as the Buddha. His teachings became the foundation for Buddhism. Confucius (c. 551-479 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and teacher. His teachings, known as Confucianism, became a major philosophy in China. Alexander the Great (c. 356-323 BC) built one of the largest empires in the ancient world and spread Greek culture throughout his empire. Pericles (c. 495-429 BC) was an Athenian orator and politician. During his 30-year rule, Athenian democracy reached its height. Shi Huangdi (c. 259-210 BC), the first Qin emperor, united China for the first time and built what would become the Great Wall of China. Augustus (c. 63 BC-AD 14) was Rome's first emperor. During his reign Rome entered the Pax Romana. Jesus of Nazareth (c. AD 1-30) was one of the most influential people in history. His life and teachings were the basis for Christianity. FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD R43 .. Important Dates The western Roman Empire falls. The Byzantine emperor Justinian creates a unified code of laws. 581 The Sui dynasty reunites China. 622 Muhammad leaves Mecca for Medina. 711 The Moors invade Spain. 800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans. 1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman invasion of Britain. 1192 The first shogun takes power in Japan. 1215 A group of nobles forces King John to sign Magna Carta. 1324 Mansa Musa leaves Mali on a hajj to Mecca. 1347-1351 The Black Death strikes Europe. The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople. Christopher Columbus sails to the Americas. 1517 Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses. 1521 Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec Empire. 1533 Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire. 1545-1563 The Council of Trent meets to reform Catholic teachings. 1588 England defeats the Spanish Armada. 1633 Galileo is put on trial for promoting ideas that go against the Catholic Church. 1776 The American colonies declare independence from Great Britain. 1789 The French Revolution begins when a mob storms the Bastille in Paris. 476 1453 534 1492 R44 FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci painted the famous Mona Usa. The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Compasses like this one helped explorers navigate the seas during the Age of Exploration. Important People Muhammad (c. 5 70--632) was the founder of Islam. Mansa Musa (c. 1300) was the ruler of the Mali He spread Islam's teachings to the people of Arabia. His teachings make up the Qur' an. Charlemagne (742-814) was a Frankish king who ruled most of what is now France and Germany. He helped promote Christianity in western Europe. Lady Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1000) was a court lady during Japan's Heian Period. She wrote The Tale of Genji, considered by some to be the world's first novel. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was a Mongol ruler who completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty. Empire at the height of its wealth and power. He helped spread Islam throughout West Africa. Johann Gutenberg (c. 1390--1468) was a German inventor who invented a method of printing with moveable type. Christopher Columbus (145 1-1506) was an Italian navigator who sailed to the Americas for Spain searching for a route to Asia. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) painted the Mona Lisa, one of the world's most admired paintings. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was one of the most influential scientists in history. He proposed a law of gravity to explain the movement of objects. FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD 145 • il ' ~. i-~' r,·.,. :. ,...;;.•\ f' :~ ·, ~ " r-., .>. ' , . • ., . \ . -., ,r. ; ~ ~ t "l 1804 Napoleon is crowned emperor of France. 1823 Politics The Monroe Doctrine makes the United States the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. ,(.... t r· . ~~. ,"~~:'•':: ·~. ~/ ~ <;'~ ' ' -'1 ;~~ ;"" --..._1 ' Politics I .~r ., ~ : ~-~ ,-.- ,:: I • ' ,!-: I I .l I. '·l' ·:.~_... - ~:r_,;- 1829 18505-1890 Politics Greece Society and Culture wins independence from the Ottoman Empire. Artists portray ordinary people and events realistically during the Realism movement. 18305 1871 Science and Technology Politics Otto von The Industrial Revolution transforms life in Great Britain and soon spreads to other countries. Bismarck founds the German Empire. ~r ~ \~ Otto von Bismarck • R.~. d~ ' •. . ··~~ ~ Events and People Politics 1933 Mohandas Gandhi begins a 21-day hunger 1790s Toussaint-L' Ouverture successfully leads a strike as a non-violent protest against British rule in India. 1949 Mao Zedong transforms China into a Communist nation. 1994 Nelson Mandela is elected the first black president of South Africa after many years of struggling against apartheid. rebellion of slaves against French rule in Haiti. 1811 Simon Bolivar helps Venezuela fight for its independence from Spain, influencing independence movements in Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. 1837 Queen Victoria begins her 63-year reign in the United Kingdom. 1868 Tokugawa Keiki resigns as the last shogun of Japan. 1916 Jeanette Rankin becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives. R46 FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD Science and Technology 1856 Henry Bessemer develops a method for con- verting iron into steel. 1886 Josephine Cochran receives a patent for the first workable dishwasher. 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright complete the first controlled aircraft flight. Israeli flag 1948 Politics Communist control collapses in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Politics The country of Israel is established . 1939-1945 1957 1983 2001 Politics World Science and Technology War II is fought in Europe, North Africa, and Asia between the Axis powers and Allies. The Soviet Union launches the satellite Sputnik 1, beginning the space race. Society and Culture The Politics Terrorists attack the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. on September 11,2001. 1905 Albert Einstein introduces the theory of relativity. Internet becomes available to the general public. 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels introduce The Communist Manifesto. 1911 Marie Curie wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry 1880 Pyotr llyich Tchaikovsky pens the 1812 Over- for discovering several radioactive elements including radium. 1925 George Washington Carver publishes a book on how to find industrial uses for agricultural products. 1969 Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the moon. 1996 lan Wilmut clones a mammal, Dolly the sheep. ture to commemorate Russia's victory over Napoleon in 1812. 1921 Pablo Picasso paints The Three Musicians, one of the most renowned cubist works. 1937 Zora Neale Hurston writes Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1997 J. K. Rowling publishes the first Harry Potter book. 2004 Lance Armstrong wins a record 6th Tour de France bicycle race. Society and CUlture 1824 Louis Braille introduces a reading system for the blind. FACTS ABOUT TH E WORLD R47 Abraham Biblical figure, according to the Bible, God led Abraham to Canaan, and Abraham's descendants became the Jewish people. (p. 226) Aeneas (i-NEE-uhs) (c. 2500s BC) Legendary Roman hero, the Romans traced their history back to Aeneas. Aeneas was a Trojan hero who left Troy after the Trojan War, eventually settling in Italy. (p. 326) Aesop (EE-sahp) (before 400 BC) Ancient Greek storyteller, he was famous for his fablesshort stories that teach important lessons about life. (p. 273) Alexander the Great (c. 356-323 BC) Macedonian ruler, he was one of the greatest military commanders in history. The son of Philip II, Alexander conquered large areas of Asia and parts of Europe and Africa and spread Greek culture throughout his empire. (p. 300) Antony, Marc (c. 82-30 BC) Roman general, he fought against Octavian after the death of Julius Caesar. Antony was allies with Cleopatra of Egypt, but was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. (p. 355) Aristotle (ar-uh-STAH-tuhl) (384-322 BC) Greek philosopher, he was a student of Plato. Aristotle taught that people should live lives of moderation and use reason in their lives. (pp. 307, 309) Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (ruled 270-232 BC) Ruler of the Mauryan Empire, he extended his control over most of India and promoted the spread of Buddhism. (pp. 163, 166) Attila (AT-uhl-uh) (c. 406-453) Leader of the Huns, he led invasions of Constantinople, Greece, Gaul, and northern Italy and was greatly feared by the Romans. (p. 411) Augustine of Hippo (Aw-guhs-teen) (c. 300s-400s) Christian writer who taught that Christians should focus not on worldly goods but on God's plan for the world; his ideas helped shape Christian beliefs. (p. 394) Augustus (aw-GUHS-tuhs) (63 BC-AD 14) First Roman emperor, he was originally named Octavian. He was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and gained control of Rome after defeating Marc Antony in battle. As emperor, Augustus built many monuments and a new forum. (pp. 355, 357) Buddha (Boo-duh) (c. 563-483 BC) Founder of Augustus R48 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Buddhism, he was originally an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He founded the Buddhist religion after a long spiritual journey through India. (p. 157) Diocletian Caesar, Julius Caesar, Julius (JOOL-yuhs SEE-zuhr) (100--44 BC) Roman general, he was one of the greatest military leaders in history. Caesar conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life, but was later murdered by a group of senators. (p. 353) Chandragupta II (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuh) (300s-400s) Gupta emperor, he ruled India during the height of Gupta power. (p. 164) Chandragupta Maurya (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuh mour-yuh) (late 300s BC) Mauryan ruler, he founded the Mauryan Empire in northern India. (p. 162) Cicero (SIS-uh-roh) (106-43 BC) Roman orator and philosopher, he tried to limit the power of Rome's generals and give control of the government back to the Senate. (p. 352) Cincinnatus (sin-suh-NAT-uhs) (born c. 519) Roman dictator, he was chosen by the Romans to defend their lands from attack. Later, he willingly gave up power and was considered an ideal leader by the Romans. (p. 329) Cleopatra (69-30 BC) Egyptian queen, she became a devoted ally of Julius Caesar and Marc Antony. After Antony was defeated by Octavian, she committed suicide. (p. 356) Clovis (c. 466-511) King of the Franks, he was a Christian leader who was one of the most powerful rulers of the Germanic barbarians. (p. 411) Confucius (551-479 BC) Chinese philosopher, he was the most influential teacher in Chinese history. His teachings, called Confucianism, focused on morality, family, society, and government. (p. 191) Biblical figure, according to the Hebrew Bible, he was a prophet who was thrown into a lions' den after angering the king. Daniel survived because of his faith in God. (p. 235) Darius I (da-RY-uhs) (550--486 BC) Persian emperor, he restored order to the Persian Empire after a period of rebellion. Darius I built roads and made other improvements to Persian society. (p. 288) David (c. 1000 BC) King of Israel, he defeated the Philistines and established the capital in jerusalem as a governmental and religious center. (p. 229) Daniel Diocletian (dy-uh-KLEE-shuhn) (c. 245-c. 316) Roman emperor, he divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves. (p. 409) Confucius Constantine (KAHN-stuhn-teen) (c. 280-337) Roman emperor, he was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. Constantine moved the empire's capital from Rome to Constantinople and removed bans on Christianity. (p. 39 5) Cyrus the Great (SY-ruhs) (c. 585-529 BC) Persian emperor, he created the Persian Empire by conquering most of Southwest Asia. (p. 287) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R49 Euclid Homer Hatshepsut (ruled c. 1503-1482 BC) Euclid (Yoo-kluhd) (c. 300 BC) Greek mathematician, he was one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Euclid is famous for his contributions to the field of geometry. (p. 308) Ezana (AY-zah-nah) (c. 300s) Aksumite ruler, he destroyed Meroe and took over the kingdom of Kush around AD 350. (p. 131) Greek surgeon of the Roman Empire, he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins. (p. 366) Gilgamesh (c. 3000 BC) King of Uruk, a citystate in Sumer, he became a legendary figure in Sumerian literature. (p. 63) Galen (129-c. 199) Roman emperor, he conquered most of Britain and built a huge wall across the northern part of the island to keep barbarian invaders from the north out of Roman territory. (p. 359) Hammurabi (ruled c. 1792-1750 BC), Baylonian ruler, he was a brilliant military leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into the Babylonian Empire. Hammurabi is known for a unified code of 282laws, the earliest known set of written laws, that was produced during his reign. (p. 75) Hannibal (247-183 BC) Carthaginian general, he was one of the greatest generals of the ancient world. Hannibal invaded Italy during the Second Punic War but was eventually defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama. (p. 341) Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign. (pp. 102, 103) Hippocrates (hip-AHK-ruh-teez) (c. 460-c. 377 BC) Greek doctor, he is regarded as the father of medicine. Hippocrates tried to find out what caused diseases and is known today for his ideas on how doctors should conduct themselves. (p. 308) Homer (800s-700s BC) Greek poet, he wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, two famous Greek epic poems. They describe the deeds of heroes during and after the Trojan War. (p. 272) Hadrian (76-138) R50 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 1 , 1 Hypatia Greek mathematician and astronomer, she made important contributions to science. (p. 308) Naomi Hypatia (hy-PAY-shuh) (c. 370-415) Stone Age traveler, he was found in the Alps in 1991. Scientists have learned a great deal about Stone Age people from his clothing and tools. (p. 35) Iceman (c. 3300 BC) Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world. (p. 382) John the Baptist (c. pt Century AD) Biblical figure, according to the Bible, he was a prophet who announced that the Messiah was coming. (p. 383) Justinian (juh-STIN-ee-uhn) (c. 483-565) Byzantine emperor, he reunited the Roman Empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built. (pp. 414, 419) Jesus of Nazareth (c. AD 1-30) Roman consul, he was a popular general who encouraged the unemployed poor to join the Roman army. (p. 342) Menes (MEE-neez) (c. 3100 BC) Legendary Egyptian ruler, he unified the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and built the new capital city of Memphis. (p. 91) Moses (c. 1200s BC) Biblical figure, according to the Bible, he led the Hebrew people out of Egypt and back to Canaan in the Exodus. During this journey, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. (p. 227) Marius, Gaius (GY-uhs MER-ee-uhs) (157-86 BC) Bibilical figure, according to the Bible, she had a strong faith in God. (p. 231) Naomi (nay-OH-mee) Ruth and Naomi Egyptian pharaoh, he ruled during Egypt's Old Kingdom and is known for the many monuments built to honor him. (p. 94) Khufu (KOO-foo) (ruled 2500s BC) Chinese philospoher, he was the most famous Daoist teacher. Laozi is credited with writing The Way and Its Power, Daoism's basic text. (p. 192) Laozi (LOWD-zuh) (c. 500s or 400s BC) BIOGRAPHICAL DlaiONARY 151 Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar (neb-uh-kuhd-NEZ-uhr) (ruled 605-561 BC) Chaldean king, he rebuilt Baby- lon into a beautiful city, which featured the famed Hanging Gardens. (p. 77) Noah (no-uh) Biblical figure, according to the Bible, God told Noah to build an ark, or great ship, to survive a great flood of the earth. (p. 238) Ovid (ahv-uhd) (43 BC-AD 17) Roman poet and author, he was one of the greatest authors of the ancient world and wrote poems on Roman mythology. (p. 3 70) Shi Huangdi Pompey (106-48 BC) Roman general, he was an ally of Caesar but later the two went to war and Pompey was defeated in Egypt. (p. 353) Ramses the Great (RAM-seez) (late 1300s and early 1200s BC) Egyptian pharaoh, he expanded the kingdom and built lasting temples at Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. Ramses the Great is often considered one of Egypt's greatest rulers. (pp. 103, 107) Romulus and Remus (c. 753 BC) Legendary figures in Roman history, they built a city that eventually became Rome. (p. 327) Ruth Biblical figure, according to the Bible, she left her family to care for her motherin-law, Naomi. Ruth is an example of a model of devotion. (p. 231) Pacal (puh-KAHL) (603-683) Maya king of Palenque, he had a temple built in the city to record his achievements. (p. 43 7) Paul (c. AD 10-67) One of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity, he worked to spread Jesus's teachings and wrote letters that explained key ideas of Christianity. (p. 387) Pericles (PER-uh-kleez) (495-429 BC) Athenian leader, he encouraged the spread of democracy and led Athens when the city was at its height. (p. 266) Philip II (ruled 359-336 BC) Macedonian king, he was a brilliant military leader who defeated the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his son. (p. 298) Piankhi (PYANG-kee) (c. 751-716 BC) Ruler of Kush, he was one of Kush's most successful military leaders. His army captured all of Egypt. (p. 125) Plato (PLAYr-oh) (428-389 BC) Greek philosopher, he was a student of Socrates. Plato started a school in Athens called the Academy and wrote The Republic, which describes an ideal society run by philosophers. (pp. 307, 309) R52 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Sappho (SAF-ah) (c. 610-580 BC) Greek poet, she was one of the most famous lyric poets of Greece. (p. 273) Sargon (c. 2300 BC) King of Akkad, a land north of Sumer, he built the world's first empire after defeating Sumer and northern Mesopotamia. (p. 63) Shanakhdakheto (shah-nahk-dah-KEE-toh) (ruled 170-150 BC) Ruler of Kush, historians think she was the first woman to rule Kush. Her tomb is one of the largest pyramids in Meroe. (p. 129) Shi Huangdi (SHEE hwahng-dee) (259-210 BC) Ruler of China, he united China for the first time. He built roads and canals and began the Great Wall of China. Shi Huangdi also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing system in China. (pp. 194, 199) Zealots SimaQian a Chinese historian, wrote a history of all the dynasties through the Han. His style became the model for later writings. (p. 204) Socrates (SAHK-ruh-teez) (470-399 BC) Greek philosopher, his teaching style was based on asking questions. He wanted people to question their own beliefs. Socrates was arrested and condemned to death for challenging authority. (pp. 307, 309) Sima Qian (c. 145-190 BC) Yohanan ben Zaccai (yoh-HAN-uhn ben ZAK-ay-y) (c. AD 70) Jewish teacher, he built a school near Jerusalem where he trained rabbis to carry on the Jewish religion after the Temple had been destroyed by the Romans. (p. 242) Solomon (SAHL-uh-muhn) (ruled c. 965-930 BC) King of Israel, he formed alliances with nearby kingdoms and built a temple to God in Jerusalem. (p. 229) Spartacus (SPAHR-tuh-kuhs) (c. 73 BC) Former Roman gladiator, he led a slave revolt against Rome. (p. 343) a group of Jews who rebelled against Roman rule (p. 240) Zealots (ZE-luhts) (AD 66-73) Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (LOO-shuhs kawr-NEEL-yuhs SUHL-uh) (138-78 BC) Roman consul, he battled Gaius Marius in a civil war. (p. 343) Wife of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, she was a smart and powerful woman who helped him rule effectively. (p. 419) Thucydides (c. 400s BC) Greek historian, he was a former Athenian soldier who wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War based on his experiences. He tried to be impartial and study the causes and effects of war in hopes that future Greeks would not repeat their mistakes. (p. 306) Theodora (thee-uh-DOHR-uh) (c. 500-548) Justinian and Theodora Tutankhamen (too-tang-KAHM-uhn) (c. 1300 BC) Egyptian pharaoh, he died while still a young king. The discovery of his tomb in 1922 has taught archaeologists much about Egyptian culture. (p. 113) Persian ruler, he tried to conquer Greece during the Persian Wars but was defeated. (p. 290) Xerxes I (ZUHRK-seez) (519-465 BC) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R53