Download Reference part 3- Facts about the World

Sumerian Civilization
c. 3500-2350 B C
invented writing
and used it to
keep records on
clay tablets.
Ramses the Great
was one of Egypt's
great pharaohs.
The Minoans
traded vessels like
this one throughout the eastern
Mediterranean.
Important Dates
c. 4000-3000 BC The first cities are founded in
Sumer.
c. 3500 BC The Sumerians invent writing.
c. 3500 BC Maize (com) is domesticated in
c. 3200 BC
c.3100BC
c. 2500 BC
c. 2350 BC
c. 1750 BC
c. 1250 BC
c. 11 oo BC
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Mesoamerica.
The Sumerians invent the wheel.
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt are united.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu is built in
Egypt.
The first empire is created in
Mesopotamia.
The earliest known set of written laws is
issued by Hammurabi.
Hinduism begins to develop.
The Phoenicians create an alphabet.
FAGS ABOUT THE WORLD
c. 1050 BC Saul becomes the first King of Israel.
c. 500 BC Buddhism begins to develop.
c. 500 BC Athens becomes the world's first
democracy.
c. 140 BC Confucianism becomes China's official
government philosophy.
c. 100 BC The Silk Road connects China and
Southwest Asia.
27 BC The Roman Empire begins.
c. AD 30 Christianity begins to develop.
c. AD 200 The Maya build large cities in
Mesoamerica.
c. AD 320 The Gupta dynasty begins in India.
AD 476 The western Roman Empire falls.
dynasty
created
Heautiful bronze
Roman civilization
grew to dominate the
entire Mediterranean
region.
Shang Dynasty
c. 1500- 1050 BC
Olmec Civilization
c. 1200- 400 BC
I
The ancient
Greeks made
great advances
in sculpture,
art, and
literature.
The Roman World
c. 509 BC-AD 476
I
Han Dynasty
c. 206 BC- AD 220
Gupta Dynasty
c. AD 320-550
Important People
Sargon (c. 2350 BC) was a king of Akkad, a land
north of Sumer. He created a powerful army and
used it to build the world's first empire.
Hammurabi (ruled c. 1792-1750 BC) founded the
Babylonian Empire and issued the first known
written code of laws.
Queen Hatshepsut (ruled c. 1503-1482 BC) was a
ruler of Egypt who expanded trade routes.
Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-483 BC) was an Indian
prince who became known as the Buddha. His
teachings became the foundation for Buddhism.
Confucius (c. 551-479 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and teacher. His teachings, known as Confucianism, became a major philosophy in China.
Alexander the Great (c. 356-323 BC) built one of
the largest empires in the ancient world and
spread Greek culture throughout his empire.
Pericles (c. 495-429 BC) was an Athenian orator
and politician. During his 30-year rule, Athenian
democracy reached its height.
Shi Huangdi (c. 259-210 BC), the first Qin emperor,
united China for the first time and built what
would become the Great Wall of China.
Augustus (c. 63 BC-AD 14) was Rome's first
emperor. During his reign Rome entered the Pax
Romana.
Jesus of Nazareth (c. AD 1-30) was one of the most
influential people in history. His life and teachings were the basis for Christianity.
FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD
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..
Important Dates
The western Roman Empire falls.
The Byzantine emperor Justinian creates a
unified code of laws.
581 The Sui dynasty reunites China.
622 Muhammad leaves Mecca for Medina.
711 The Moors invade Spain.
800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor
of the Romans.
1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman
invasion of Britain.
1192 The first shogun takes power in Japan.
1215 A group of nobles forces King John to sign
Magna Carta.
1324 Mansa Musa leaves Mali on a hajj to Mecca.
1347-1351 The Black Death strikes Europe.
The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople.
Christopher Columbus sails to the Americas.
1517 Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses.
1521 Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec Empire.
1533 Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire.
1545-1563 The Council of Trent meets to reform
Catholic teachings.
1588 England defeats the Spanish Armada.
1633 Galileo is put on trial for promoting ideas that
go against the Catholic Church.
1776 The American colonies declare independence
from Great Britain.
1789 The French Revolution begins when a mob
storms the Bastille in Paris.
476
1453
534
1492
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FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD
Renaissance
artist Leonardo
da Vinci painted the famous
Mona Usa.
The Taj Mahal was
built by the Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan.
Compasses like
this one helped
explorers navigate the seas
during the Age
of Exploration.
Important People
Muhammad (c. 5 70--632) was the founder of Islam.
Mansa Musa (c. 1300) was the ruler of the Mali
He spread Islam's teachings to the people of Arabia. His teachings make up the Qur' an.
Charlemagne (742-814) was a Frankish king who
ruled most of what is now France and Germany.
He helped promote Christianity in western
Europe.
Lady Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1000) was a court lady
during Japan's Heian Period. She wrote The Tale
of Genji, considered by some to be the world's
first novel.
Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was a Mongol ruler who
completed the conquest of China and founded
the Yuan dynasty.
Empire at the height of its wealth and power. He
helped spread Islam throughout West Africa.
Johann Gutenberg (c. 1390--1468) was a German
inventor who invented a method of printing
with moveable type.
Christopher Columbus (145 1-1506) was an Italian
navigator who sailed to the Americas for Spain
searching for a route to Asia.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) painted the Mona
Lisa, one of the world's most admired paintings.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was one of the most
influential scientists in history. He proposed a law
of gravity to explain the movement of objects.
FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD
145
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1804
Napoleon
is crowned
emperor of
France.
1823
Politics
The Monroe
Doctrine makes the
United States the
dominant power
in the Western
Hemisphere.
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1829
18505-1890
Politics Greece
Society and Culture
wins independence from the
Ottoman Empire.
Artists portray ordinary people
and events realistically during
the Realism movement.
18305
1871
Science and Technology
Politics Otto von
The Industrial Revolution transforms
life in Great Britain and soon spreads
to other countries.
Bismarck founds the
German Empire.
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Events and People
Politics
1933 Mohandas Gandhi begins a 21-day hunger
1790s Toussaint-L' Ouverture successfully leads a
strike as a non-violent protest against British
rule in India.
1949 Mao Zedong transforms China into a Communist nation.
1994 Nelson Mandela is elected the first black
president of South Africa after many years of
struggling against apartheid.
rebellion of slaves against French rule in
Haiti.
1811 Simon Bolivar helps Venezuela fight for its
independence from Spain, influencing independence movements in Bolivia, Colombia,
and Ecuador.
1837 Queen Victoria begins her 63-year reign in the
United Kingdom.
1868 Tokugawa Keiki resigns as the last shogun of
Japan.
1916 Jeanette Rankin becomes the first woman
elected to the United States House of Representatives.
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FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD
Science and Technology
1856 Henry Bessemer develops a method for con-
verting iron into steel.
1886 Josephine Cochran receives a patent for the
first workable dishwasher.
1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright complete the first
controlled aircraft flight.
Israeli
flag
1948
Politics Communist control
collapses in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
and Romania.
Politics
The country
of Israel is
established .
1939-1945
1957
1983
2001
Politics World
Science and Technology
War II is fought
in Europe, North
Africa, and Asia
between the Axis
powers and Allies.
The Soviet Union launches
the satellite Sputnik 1, beginning the space race.
Society and
Culture The
Politics Terrorists attack the
World Trade Center in New York
City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. on September 11,2001.
1905 Albert Einstein introduces the theory of
relativity.
Internet becomes
available to the
general public.
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels introduce The
Communist Manifesto.
1911 Marie Curie wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry
1880 Pyotr llyich Tchaikovsky pens the 1812 Over-
for discovering several radioactive elements
including radium.
1925 George Washington Carver publishes a book
on how to find industrial uses for agricultural
products.
1969 Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to
walk on the moon.
1996 lan Wilmut clones a mammal, Dolly the
sheep.
ture to commemorate Russia's victory over
Napoleon in 1812.
1921 Pablo Picasso paints The Three Musicians, one
of the most renowned cubist works.
1937 Zora Neale Hurston writes Their Eyes Were
Watching God.
1997 J. K. Rowling publishes the first Harry Potter
book.
2004 Lance Armstrong wins a record 6th Tour de
France bicycle race.
Society and CUlture
1824 Louis Braille introduces a reading system for
the blind.
FACTS ABOUT TH E WORLD
R47
Abraham Biblical figure, according to the
Bible, God led Abraham to Canaan, and
Abraham's descendants became the Jewish
people. (p. 226)
Aeneas (i-NEE-uhs) (c. 2500s BC) Legendary
Roman hero, the Romans traced their history back to Aeneas. Aeneas was a Trojan
hero who left Troy after the Trojan War,
eventually settling in Italy. (p. 326)
Aesop (EE-sahp) (before 400 BC) Ancient Greek
storyteller, he was famous for his fablesshort stories that teach important lessons
about life. (p. 273)
Alexander the Great (c. 356-323 BC) Macedonian
ruler, he was one of the greatest military
commanders in history. The son of Philip
II, Alexander conquered large areas of Asia
and parts of Europe and Africa and spread
Greek culture throughout his empire.
(p. 300)
Antony, Marc (c. 82-30 BC) Roman general, he
fought against Octavian after the death
of Julius Caesar. Antony was allies with
Cleopatra of Egypt, but was defeated by
Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
(p. 355)
Aristotle (ar-uh-STAH-tuhl) (384-322 BC) Greek
philosopher, he was a student of Plato. Aristotle taught that people should live lives of
moderation and use reason in their lives.
(pp. 307, 309)
Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (ruled 270-232 BC) Ruler of
the Mauryan Empire, he extended his control over most of India and promoted the
spread of Buddhism. (pp. 163, 166)
Attila (AT-uhl-uh) (c. 406-453) Leader of the
Huns, he led invasions of Constantinople,
Greece, Gaul, and northern Italy and was
greatly feared by the Romans. (p. 411)
Augustine of Hippo (Aw-guhs-teen) (c. 300s-400s)
Christian writer who taught that Christians
should focus not on worldly goods but on
God's plan for the world; his ideas helped
shape Christian beliefs. (p. 394)
Augustus (aw-GUHS-tuhs) (63 BC-AD 14) First
Roman emperor, he was originally named
Octavian. He was the great-nephew of
Julius Caesar and gained control of Rome
after defeating Marc Antony in battle. As
emperor, Augustus built many monuments
and a new forum. (pp. 355, 357)
Buddha (Boo-duh) (c. 563-483 BC) Founder of
Augustus
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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
Buddhism, he was originally an Indian
prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He
founded the Buddhist religion after a long
spiritual journey through India. (p. 157)
Diocletian
Caesar, Julius
Caesar, Julius (JOOL-yuhs SEE-zuhr) (100--44 BC)
Roman general, he was one of the greatest
military leaders in history. Caesar conquered most of Gaul and was named
dictator for life, but was later murdered by
a group of senators. (p. 353)
Chandragupta II (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuh) (300s-400s)
Gupta emperor, he ruled India during the
height of Gupta power. (p. 164)
Chandragupta Maurya (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuh
mour-yuh) (late 300s BC) Mauryan ruler,
he
founded the Mauryan Empire in northern
India. (p. 162)
Cicero (SIS-uh-roh) (106-43 BC) Roman orator
and philosopher, he tried to limit the power
of Rome's generals and give control of the
government back to the Senate. (p. 352)
Cincinnatus (sin-suh-NAT-uhs) (born c. 519) Roman
dictator, he was chosen by the Romans to
defend their lands from attack. Later, he
willingly gave up power and was considered an ideal leader by the Romans. (p. 329)
Cleopatra (69-30 BC) Egyptian queen, she
became a devoted ally of Julius Caesar and
Marc Antony. After Antony was defeated by
Octavian, she committed suicide. (p. 356)
Clovis (c. 466-511) King of the Franks, he was a
Christian leader who was one of the most
powerful rulers of the Germanic barbarians.
(p. 411)
Confucius (551-479 BC) Chinese philosopher, he
was the most influential teacher in Chinese
history. His teachings, called Confucianism,
focused on morality, family, society, and
government. (p. 191)
Biblical figure, according to the Hebrew
Bible, he was a prophet who was thrown
into a lions' den after angering the king.
Daniel survived because of his faith in God.
(p. 235)
Darius I (da-RY-uhs) (550--486 BC) Persian emperor, he restored order to the Persian Empire
after a period of rebellion. Darius I built
roads and made other improvements to
Persian society. (p. 288)
David (c. 1000 BC) King of Israel, he defeated
the Philistines and established the capital
in jerusalem as a governmental and religious center. (p. 229)
Daniel
Diocletian (dy-uh-KLEE-shuhn) (c. 245-c. 316)
Roman emperor, he divided the Roman
Empire into eastern and western halves.
(p. 409)
Confucius
Constantine (KAHN-stuhn-teen) (c. 280-337)
Roman emperor, he was the first Roman
emperor to become a Christian. Constantine moved the empire's capital from Rome
to Constantinople and removed bans on
Christianity. (p. 39 5)
Cyrus the Great (SY-ruhs) (c. 585-529 BC) Persian
emperor, he created the Persian Empire by
conquering most of Southwest Asia. (p. 287)
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
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Euclid
Homer
Hatshepsut (ruled c. 1503-1482 BC)
Euclid (Yoo-kluhd) (c. 300 BC)
Greek mathematician, he was one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Euclid is famous for his contributions to the field of geometry. (p. 308)
Ezana (AY-zah-nah) (c. 300s) Aksumite ruler, he
destroyed Meroe and took over the kingdom of Kush around AD 350. (p. 131)
Greek surgeon of the Roman
Empire, he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins. (p. 366)
Gilgamesh (c. 3000 BC) King of Uruk, a citystate in Sumer, he became a legendary
figure in Sumerian literature. (p. 63)
Galen (129-c. 199)
Roman emperor, he conquered most of Britain and built a huge wall
across the northern part of the island to keep
barbarian invaders from the north out of
Roman territory. (p. 359)
Hammurabi (ruled c. 1792-1750 BC), Baylonian
ruler, he was a brilliant military leader
who brought all of Mesopotamia into the
Babylonian Empire. Hammurabi is known
for a unified code of 282laws, the earliest
known set of written laws, that was produced during his reign. (p. 75)
Hannibal (247-183 BC) Carthaginian general,
he was one of the greatest generals of the
ancient world. Hannibal invaded Italy during the Second Punic War but was eventually defeated by Scipio at the Battle of
Zama. (p. 341)
Egyptian
queen, she worked to increase trade with
places outside of Egypt and ordered many
impressive monuments and temples built
during her reign. (pp. 102, 103)
Hippocrates (hip-AHK-ruh-teez) (c. 460-c. 377 BC)
Greek doctor, he is regarded as the father
of medicine. Hippocrates tried to find out
what caused diseases and is known today
for his ideas on how doctors should conduct themselves. (p. 308)
Homer (800s-700s BC) Greek poet, he wrote the
Iliad and the Odyssey, two famous Greek epic
poems. They describe the deeds of heroes
during and after the Trojan War. (p. 272)
Hadrian (76-138)
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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
1
,
1
Hypatia
Greek mathematician and astronomer, she made important contributions to science. (p. 308)
Naomi
Hypatia (hy-PAY-shuh) (c. 370-415)
Stone Age traveler, he was
found in the Alps in 1991. Scientists have
learned a great deal about Stone Age people
from his clothing and tools. (p. 35)
Iceman (c. 3300 BC)
Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love
for God. His teachings spread throughout
the Roman Empire and the world. (p. 382)
John the Baptist (c. pt Century AD) Biblical figure,
according to the Bible, he was a prophet
who announced that the Messiah was coming. (p. 383)
Justinian (juh-STIN-ee-uhn) (c. 483-565) Byzantine
emperor, he reunited the Roman Empire,
simplified Roman laws with Justinian's
Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built.
(pp. 414, 419)
Jesus of Nazareth (c. AD 1-30)
Roman consul, he was a popular general who
encouraged the unemployed poor to join
the Roman army. (p. 342)
Menes (MEE-neez) (c. 3100 BC) Legendary Egyptian ruler, he unified the kingdoms of
Upper and Lower Egypt and built the new
capital city of Memphis. (p. 91)
Moses (c. 1200s BC) Biblical figure, according to
the Bible, he led the Hebrew people out of
Egypt and back to Canaan in the Exodus.
During this journey, Moses received the Ten
Commandments from God. (p. 227)
Marius, Gaius (GY-uhs MER-ee-uhs) (157-86 BC)
Bibilical figure, according
to the Bible, she had a strong faith in God.
(p. 231)
Naomi (nay-OH-mee)
Ruth and
Naomi
Egyptian pharaoh, he ruled during Egypt's Old Kingdom
and is known for the many monuments
built to honor him. (p. 94)
Khufu (KOO-foo) (ruled 2500s BC)
Chinese
philospoher, he was the most famous Daoist
teacher. Laozi is credited with writing The
Way and Its Power, Daoism's basic text.
(p. 192)
Laozi (LOWD-zuh) (c. 500s or 400s BC)
BIOGRAPHICAL DlaiONARY
151
Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar (neb-uh-kuhd-NEZ-uhr) (ruled
605-561 BC) Chaldean king, he rebuilt Baby-
lon into a beautiful city, which featured the
famed Hanging Gardens. (p. 77)
Noah (no-uh) Biblical figure, according to the
Bible, God told Noah to build an ark, or
great ship, to survive a great flood of the
earth. (p. 238)
Ovid (ahv-uhd) (43 BC-AD 17) Roman poet and
author, he was one of the greatest authors
of the ancient world and wrote poems on
Roman mythology. (p. 3 70)
Shi Huangdi
Pompey (106-48 BC) Roman general, he was an
ally of Caesar but later the two went to war
and Pompey was defeated in Egypt. (p. 353)
Ramses the Great (RAM-seez) (late 1300s and early
1200s BC) Egyptian pharaoh, he expanded
the kingdom and built lasting temples at
Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. Ramses
the Great is often considered one of Egypt's
greatest rulers. (pp. 103, 107)
Romulus and Remus (c. 753 BC) Legendary figures in Roman history, they built a city that
eventually became Rome. (p. 327)
Ruth Biblical figure, according to the Bible,
she left her family to care for her motherin-law, Naomi. Ruth is an example of a
model of devotion. (p. 231)
Pacal (puh-KAHL) (603-683) Maya king of
Palenque, he had a temple built in the city
to record his achievements. (p. 43 7)
Paul (c. AD 10-67) One of the most important
figures in the spread of Christianity, he
worked to spread Jesus's teachings and
wrote letters that explained key ideas of
Christianity. (p. 387)
Pericles (PER-uh-kleez) (495-429 BC) Athenian
leader, he encouraged the spread of democracy and led Athens when the city was at its
height. (p. 266)
Philip II (ruled 359-336 BC) Macedonian king, he
was a brilliant military leader who defeated
the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his
son. (p. 298)
Piankhi (PYANG-kee) (c. 751-716 BC) Ruler of
Kush, he was one of Kush's most successful
military leaders. His army captured all of
Egypt. (p. 125)
Plato (PLAYr-oh) (428-389 BC) Greek philosopher,
he was a student of Socrates. Plato started a
school in Athens called the Academy and
wrote The Republic, which describes an ideal
society run by philosophers. (pp. 307, 309)
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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
Sappho (SAF-ah) (c. 610-580 BC) Greek poet, she
was one of the most famous lyric poets of
Greece. (p. 273)
Sargon (c. 2300 BC) King of Akkad, a land north
of Sumer, he built the world's first empire
after defeating Sumer and northern Mesopotamia. (p. 63)
Shanakhdakheto (shah-nahk-dah-KEE-toh) (ruled
170-150 BC) Ruler of Kush, historians think
she was the first woman to rule Kush. Her
tomb is one of the largest pyramids in
Meroe. (p. 129)
Shi Huangdi (SHEE hwahng-dee) (259-210 BC) Ruler
of China, he united China for the first
time. He built roads and canals and began
the Great Wall of China. Shi Huangdi also
imposed a standard system of laws, money,
weights, and writing system in China.
(pp. 194, 199)
Zealots
SimaQian
a Chinese historian,
wrote a history of all the dynasties through
the Han. His style became the model for
later writings. (p. 204)
Socrates (SAHK-ruh-teez) (470-399 BC) Greek
philosopher, his teaching style was based
on asking questions. He wanted people to
question their own beliefs. Socrates was
arrested and condemned to death for challenging authority. (pp. 307, 309)
Sima Qian (c. 145-190 BC)
Yohanan ben Zaccai (yoh-HAN-uhn ben ZAK-ay-y)
(c. AD 70) Jewish teacher, he built a school
near Jerusalem where he trained rabbis
to carry on the Jewish religion after the
Temple had been destroyed by the Romans.
(p. 242)
Solomon (SAHL-uh-muhn) (ruled c. 965-930
BC) King of Israel, he formed alliances
with
nearby kingdoms and built a temple to God
in Jerusalem. (p. 229)
Spartacus (SPAHR-tuh-kuhs) (c. 73 BC) Former
Roman gladiator, he led a slave revolt
against Rome. (p. 343)
a group of Jews
who rebelled against Roman rule (p. 240)
Zealots (ZE-luhts) (AD 66-73)
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (LOO-shuhs kawr-NEEL-yuhs
SUHL-uh) (138-78 BC) Roman consul, he
battled Gaius Marius in a civil war. (p. 343)
Wife of
the Byzantine emperor Justinian, she was
a smart and powerful woman who helped
him rule effectively. (p. 419)
Thucydides (c. 400s BC) Greek historian, he was
a former Athenian soldier who wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War based on his
experiences. He tried to be impartial and
study the causes and effects of war in hopes
that future Greeks would not repeat their
mistakes. (p. 306)
Theodora (thee-uh-DOHR-uh) (c. 500-548)
Justinian
and
Theodora
Tutankhamen (too-tang-KAHM-uhn) (c. 1300
BC) Egyptian pharaoh, he died while
still a
young king. The discovery of his tomb in
1922 has taught archaeologists much about
Egyptian culture. (p. 113)
Persian ruler,
he tried to conquer Greece during the Persian Wars but was defeated. (p. 290)
Xerxes I (ZUHRK-seez) (519-465 BC)
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
R53