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Transcript
Adapted from L. Barnes Lecture Hinduism – Origins and Development Oldest world religion no single founder no single scripture no set of specific teachings/rules Brought by the Aryans, nomads from Central Asia, in 1500 BC. Roots in the Vedas – a collection of religious hymns, poems and prayers composed in the Sanskrit language thousands of years ago. Hinduism – Origins and Development Polytheistic: belief in multiple gods and goddesses Caste system (Aryan system of social classes). One of the cornerstones of Hinduism 4 basic castes made up the original system. 1. 2. 3. 4. Brahmans – priests (just men) and scholars Kshatriyas – rulers and warriors Vaisyars – farmers and merchants Sudras – workers 5th group called dalits, “untouchables” was created over time. Not allowed to participate in regular society – persecuted. Have the worst jobs, are homeless etc. Dalit status officially outlawed in 1950 but continues as cultural norm today. Beliefs of Hinduism Polythestic: multiple gods control different aspects of the universe are various forms of Brahman, a single, supreme and divine force. Have an animal companion Each god has female counterpart who brings out their power. Main 3 gods: Brahma the Creator Vishnu the Preserver Shiva the Destroyer Beliefs of Hinduism Reincarnation – when a person dies, their soul is reborn in a different body (can be animal or human) Every person is born into a caste. A person can move into a different caste only through reincarnation. Dharma – Belief that each person has a certain moral duty to live honorably in a way that is specific to your caste. Karma – Belief that the good and evil done in your current life determines the nature of your next life. Honorable living good karma reincarnated in a higher caste Dishonorable living bad karma reincarnated in lower caste Beliefs of Hinduism Ultimate goal for Hindus – live a spiritual life, one can be free of karma and attain moksha (enlightenment) and merge their soul with Brahman ending the cycle of rebirth. Sacred Sites and Animals Cows Animal companion to the god Shiva The cow symbolizes all other creatures. The cow is a symbol of the Earth. The cow represents life and the food of life (milk). Temples Sacred Sites and Animals Ganges River Ganges River Sacred to Hindus, earthly home of goddess Ganga Bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and facilitates Moksha Important to spread ashes of deceased family members in the river Highly polluted – human and industrial waste – endangered species threatened. Hinduism-Spread & Influence Dominant religion and social system in India. more than 80% of people in India are Hindu. Very significant influence on culture: festivals, traditions, rituals, spiritual beliefs etc. Castes brought social order to religion and society. Major discrimination between castes Limits the ability to improve ones’ life. Most Hindus are vegetarian, no Hindu eats beef (due to belief to treat animals well) Spread through trade and migration to other parts of South Asia. Hindu ideas and practices such as yoga have gained a following worldwide.