Download 2 The Spanish American War

THE SPANISH
AMERICAN WAR
The Imperialist Tailor
NAVY/MILITARY EXPANSION 1890
Remember Alfred T. Mahan’s
The Influence of Sea Power.
Need for strong military (navy)
Americans now needed resupply
points for the military ships out at
sea.
Hawaii, Alaska, Guam and
Philippines would be great
resupply points for problems in
China/Japan or South America in
the future.
CAUSES OF THE WAR
Spain controlled the
Philippines, Cuba, and
Puerto Rico
America had interest in Cuba
(sugar plantations) and Cuba
was constantly rebelling
against Spain for their
freedom
Spain retaliates by cutting
Cuban rebels off from
food…thousands die of disease
and starvation
America relates to the Cubans
because of American
Revolution but doesn’t get
involved immediately
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
TEN YEARS’ WAR IN CUBA 18681878
Cuban nationals wanted independence
from Spain
The uprising was led by Cuban-born
planters and other wealthy natives who
wanted independence from Spain.
Carlos M. Céspedes issued the Grito de Yara
and initiated the independence movement that
served as the forerunner of the 1895
Insurrection and the Spanish American War.
CUBA LIBRE!
SPAIN RETALIATED
Put down rebellion
Spain retaliated by cutting Cuban
rebels off from food…thousands die of
disease and starvation
America relate to the Cubans
because of American Revolution but
doesn’t get involved immediately
U.S. INTERESTS IN CUBA
American business owners – had lots of $
invested in Cuba’s sugar & tobacco
plantations (a Cuban gov’t would be less
hostile than Spanish)
American Sugar Refining Company #1
JOSE MARTI & FREE CUBA
1881-1892
Jose Marti lived in U.S. and
formed the Cuban Revolutionary
party to gain independence from
Spain.
Support gained from NY to Florida.
In 1895, he went back to Cuba and
covertly damaged American Sugar
plantations to try & get US involved
U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE
1889-1892
James Blaine
Republican
Served under President Benjamin Harrison
Need for strong foreign policy
Modernize Navy
Support tariff reciprocity
Expansionist (Caribbean & Pacific)
U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE BLAINE
“That rich island”, Blaine wrote on 1 December 1881,
“the key to the Gulf of Mexico, is, though in the hands of
Spain, a part of the American commercial system… If
ever ceasing to be Spanish, Cuba must necessarily
become American and not fall under any other European
domination.”
Blaine’s vision did not allow the existence of an
independent Cuba. “Martí noticed with alarm the
movement to annex Hawaii, viewing it as
establishing a pattern for Cuba
The U.S. had over $20 million invested in Cuba
(sugar)
JOSE MARTI: PARADOX
Wrote about Spanish and
future American involvement
in Cuba.
Studied American political
and economic culture and
concluded that American aid
needed but might
compromise the future of
Cuba
“Once the United States is in
Cuba, who will drive them
out?
He died in 1895 from Spanish
and became a martyr
YELLOW JOURNALISM
Practiced by William
Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer
Increased the American
public dislike of the
Spanish government in
Cuba
Exaggerated atrocities in
Cuba
Compared Cuban rebels
to the patriots of the
American Revolution
GENERAL VALERIANO WEYLER
Spanish General who was
made Governor of Cuba in
1896
Was given absolute authority
in order to crush the rebellion
Became frustrated with
Cuban hit – and – run tactics
Wanted to deprive the Cuban
rebels of food and recruits by
placing rural population of
Cuba in detention camps
Failed to provide adequate food
and medical services
Tens of thousands died due to
starvation and disease
RECONCENTRATION CAMPS
End resistance
Spain began a policy of moving Cuban
civilians to central locations where they
would be under the control of the Spanish
army. In addition, General Weyler put the
entire island under martial law.
Failed to provide adequate food and
medical services
Tens of thousands died due to
starvation and disease
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
PRESIDENT MCKINLEY
1897-1901
Republican
Protectionist: tariffs
Led America into war with
Spain
JOHN HAY
Secretary of State 1898-1905
Strong Foreign
Policy/Imperialism
Gun Boat Diplomacy
Open-Door Trade Policy in
China
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
JOSEPH PULITZER
Joseph Pulitzer, publisher 1883
New York World.
Democrat paper 1883-1931
Past: led campaign to raise funds for the Statue of
Liberty 1880s
Against Big business and corruption in New York
Became a Congressman
Largest competition with Hearst
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST
William Randolph Hearst was
an American newspaper
publisher who built the
nation’s largest newspaper
chain and whose methods
profoundly influenced
American journalism.
New York Journal #1
Godfather of Yellow
Journalism: He pushed for
war with Spain 1897
IT STARTED WITH
COMIC STORIES
THEN….. PULITZER V HEARST
De Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish
Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President
McKinley as weak and a
bidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besides
being a would-be politician
who tries to leave a door
open behind himself while
keeping on good terms
with the jingoes of his
party.
JINGOISM
Attitude of extreme
nationalism, bias towards
other countries
Started by William
Randolph Hearst after
President McKinley was
insulted by the Spanish
ambassador
IMPACT OF YELLOW JOURNALISM AND
JINGOISM
Led to US government
giving Spain an ultimatum
to fix things with Cuba
Cubans wanted
independence not reform
Spain not willing to
compromise
US sends the USS Maine
to Cuba to protect
American citizens in Cuba
FREDERIC REMINGTON 1897
An American painter, illustrator, sculptor,
and writer who helped shaped journalism.
He specialized in depictions of the Old American
West, specifically concentrating on the last
quarter of the 19th-century American West and
images of cowboys, American Indians, and
the U. S. Cavalry.
Hearst sent Remington to Cuba in 1897. He
reported ALL QUIET!.
Hearst said: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll
furnish the war.”
FREDERIC REMINGTON
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of
the Navy in the
McKinley
administration.
Imperialist and
American nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having the
backbone of a chocolate
éclair!
Resigns his position to
fight in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
USS MAINE EXPLODES
The USS Maine exploded the Havana Harbor
266 killed
Spanish blamed
McKinley doesn’t declare war…just an investigation
Investigation showed that a mine had destroyed the ship
(To this day what really happened is a mystery!!!!)
Jingoists and Yellow Journalists demand war
USS MAINE
“REMEMBER THE MAINE”
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
TELLER AMENDMENT 1898
BEFORE THE WAR!
April 20, 1898, Senator Henry M. Teller, of
Colorado, proposed an amendment; the U.S.
could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of
the island to its people." In short, the U.S.
would help Cuba gain independence and
then withdraw all its troops from the
country.
The amendment, pushed through at the last
minute by anti-imperialists in the Senate, made
no mention of the Philippines, Guam, or Puerto
Rico. Hahahahahahh!
AMERICA DECLARES WAR
After USS Maine
investigation
President McKinley
declares war
Teller Amendment:
declared that the
US had no
intentions of
annexing Cuba,
just helping them
gain independence
U.S. DECLARES WAR AND
ATTACKED CUBA!
Short War: April 25,
1898 – August 12, 1898
President McKinley
supports war
Spain declared war
against U.S. April 24th
US Congress declared
war against Spain
April 25th
U.S ships and troops were
ready
U.S. MOBILIZATION ACT 1898
Total U.S. army strength at the time totaled
26,000, requiring the passage of the
Mobilization Act that allowed for an army of
125,000 volunteers (later increased to 200,000)
and a regular army of 65,000.
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
Two regions of the war (Asia and
Caribbean)
Philippine Islands
Guam
Cuba
Puerto Rico
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR PHOTOS
SPANISH FORCES IN CUBA 1898
At that time Spanish troops stationed on the
island included 150,000 regulars and 40,000
irregulars and volunteers while rebels (against
Spain) inside Cuba numbered as many as
50,000.
U.S. MARINES ATTACK CUBA
June 10, 1898. War actually began for the U.S. in
Cuba in June when the Marines captured
Guantánamo Bay and 17,000 troops landed at
Siboney and Daiquirí, east of Santiago de Cuba,
the second largest city on the island.
BATTLE OF SANTIAGO
July 3rd, 1898
Fought between the
United States and
Spain near Santiago
de Cuba
Results in the
destruction of the
Spanish Caribbean
Squadron
THE PHILIPPINES
Filipinos were fighting
for their freedom from
Spain just like Cuba was
Under the control of
Commodore Dewey,
the American navy
crushed a Spanish fleet
in Manilo Bay in May
By August the Spanish
had surrendered
ROUGH RIDERS
Led by future
president Teddy
Roosevelt
Unit consisted of
rugged westerners and
upper class easterners
(College athletes,
cowboys, ranchers,
miners, outdoorsmen)
Made famous after the
battle of San Juan Hills
Spanish try to flee but are
captured
Last significant battle of
the war
The
“Rough
Riders”
BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL
Also known as the Battle
for the San Juan Heights
Was the Decisive battle of
the Spanish – American
War
Location of the Greatest
victory of the Rough
Riders
Theodore Roosevelt is
posthumously awarded the
Medal of Honor in 2001
(Buffalo Soldiers did most
of the heaviest fighting
though!!!)
AFRICAN AMERICANS: 10TH
CAVALRY
Led by Lt. John J.
“Blackjack” Pershing
“SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
Coined by Secretary of States John Hay
Letter to Roosevelt.
"It has been a splendid little war, begun with the
highest motives, carried on with magnificent
intelligence and spirit, favored by that Fortune which
loves the brave."
The war only lasted for 4 months showing
how easy it was for America
Only 380 die in battle
2,200 die from disease (malaria)
“SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
Termed used by Secretary of States John Hay
Called it this because it only lasted for 4
months showing how easy it was for America
Only 380 die in battle
2,200 die from disease (malaria)
EFFECTS OF THE WAR
What will US do with
Spain’s former colonies?
Treaty of Paris: officially
ended the war
Spain gave US all of Cuba,
Puerto Rico and Guam
Sold Philippines to
American for $20 million
Big debate of Philippines but
US needed it for trade with
China
America is a world power
and model imperialists
ANTI-IMPERIALISM LEAGUE
Formed over the debate of
the Philippines
Included Mark Twain and
William Jennings Bryan
Argued that imperialism
was a crime and
undemocratic
Challenged the Treaty of
Paris
PRESIDIO, SAN FRANCISCO
Remember, President McKinley authorized the
mobilization Act to raise troops in order to mount a
campaign against the capital of Manila. The
military base best suited as the staging point
for troops bound for the Philippines was the
Presidio of San Francisco.
The majority of these soldiers were volunteers,
originating from all over the United States,
gathering and training at the Presidio before the
long sea voyage to the Philippines and their part in,
as Secretary of State John Hay put it, the "splendid
little war."
PRESIDIO, SAN FRANCISCO 1890S
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY
George Dewey
United States naval officer
in charge of the invasion of
the Philippines
Destroys the Spanish fleet
at the battle of Manila Bay
Sinks or captures the
entire fleet
Returns to the United
States as a hero
Has a two – day long
parade thrown for him!
Dewey Captures Manila!
Is He To Be a Despot?
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader
of the Filipino
Uprising.
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
EMILIO AGUINALDO
Leader of the Philippine
resistance movement
Fought on the ground
against the Spanish while
Dewey fought at sea
USA threatens to fire upon
him so that our invasion
force can land
Eventually leads resistance
against American occupation
forces until his capture in
1901
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great
administrator.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
Spheres of Influence
Areas in which countries
have some political and
economic control but do no
govern directly
With our growing empire,
particularly in the Pacific,
we are able to direct
interest in states that we
do not control
Today, the United States
has military bases/troops
stationed in 150 countries
around the world
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
Campaigned against
the annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
Cuban Independence?
Teller Amendment (1898) over
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Puerto Rico: 1898
1900 - Foraker Act.
PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903
the Insular Cases.
Constitutional rights were not automatically
extended to territorial possessions.(Guam,
American Samoa, Puerto Rico, etc.)
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act
were legal!
Puerto Rico: 1898
1917 – Jones Act.
Gave full territorial status to
PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR
goods coming into the US.
PRs elected their
own legislators &
governor to enforce
local laws.
PRs could NOT vote
in US presidential
elections.
A resident commissioner was
sent to Washington to vote for
PR in the House.
GUAM
GUAM
Captured by the United
States on June 21st,
1898 in a bloodless
landing
Treaty of Paris, Spain
officially ceded the
island to the United
States
Becomes a way station
for American Ships
Remains an important
strategic asset to this
day
GUANO
The excrement of
seabirds, cave-dwelling
bats, pinnipeds or just
birds in general
Can be used as a highly
effective fertilizer
Rich in nitrogen,
phosphate and
potassium
Also used as saltpeter
for the production of
gunpowder
GUANO ISLAND ACT 1856
Federal legislation
passed by Congress on
August 18th, 1856
Any citizen of the
United States can take
possession of islands
containing guano
deposits
So long as it is not
occupied and not within
the jurisdiction of other
governments
Over 100 islands are
claimed for the US
MIDWAY ISLAND
The atoll became the first Pacific island
annexed in 1867 by the U.S. government
from the Guano Island Act. The U.S. Navy
in charge.
Panama: The King’s Crown
PANAMA CANAL
PANAMA REVOLUTION OF 1903
Panama Revolution of
1903
United States
government supported
the separation of the
isthmus of Panama
from Columbia
Occurred so that the
United States could
build the Panama Canal
PANAMA INDEPENDENCE
President Theodore Roosevelt gave tacit
approval to a rebellion by Panamanian
nationalists, which began on November 3, 1903.
To aid the rebels, the U.S.-administered railroad
in Panama removed its trains from the northern
terminus of Colón, thus stranding Colombian
troops sent to crush the insurrection. Other
Colombian forces were discouraged from
marching on Panama by the arrival of the U.S.
warship Nashville.
BIG STICK POLICY ENFORCEMENT!
PANAMA TREATIES
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850
Britain and U.S. sign treaty for future canal
(Honduras not Panama).Nothing came of this
Hay – Pauncefote Treaty 1901
Britain and US agree that U.S. build the
Panama Canal and have full control in its
management and regulation
Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty 1903
Provides the legal basis for the US construction
of the Panama Canal and the creation of the
canal zone (US Territory!)
US Secretary of State John Hay
Represented President T. Roosevelt (Imperialism)
Lead negotiations with Panama over the Canal
PANAMA CANAL
Almost immediately, the treaty was
condemned by many Panamanians as an
infringement on their country’s new
national sovereignty.
Panama Canal Company constructed the
Panama Canal and opened in 1914!
THE CANAL AND DISEASE
William Gorgas
An US army physician who
helped eradicate Yellow
Fever and Malaria from
Panama so that work on the
Panama Canal could proceed
Dr. Walter Reed -US doctor who drained
swamps to suppress
Yellow Fever during the
building of the Panama
Canal
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in 1904)
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
Western powers
asserted it’s influence
in areas of economic,
cultural and political
interests without
direct control yet
were enforced with
military.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
1. MONROE DOCTRINE 1823
(AMERICAN HISTORY I REVIEW)
President James Monroe
Foreign Policy
No new European colonies in
the Western Hemisphere;
existing colonies ok
U.S wanted to protect South
America (trade, military)
War would occur if any
European nation falted
Monroe Doctrine to the The
Roosevelt Corollary 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
2. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904
Basically, the United States will
intervene (military force) in Latin
American affairs if the countries
themselves could not keep their
affairs in order
International Police Force!!!
BIG STICK POLICY
T. Roosevelt’s foreign policy.
Back up U.S. foreign policy with
military force if necessary.
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
GREAT WHITE FLEET 1907
President T. Roosevelt ordered the
United States Navy battle fleet to
complete a circumnavigation of the globe
from December 16, 1907, to February 22,
1909
16 battleships and various escorts!
Painted mainly white with red, white&
blue decor
Show Patriotism/Nationalism
Many western countries did the same
3. LODGE COROLLARY
Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Republican and friend to
Theodore Roosevelt
European and Non-European
powers, like Japan, would be
excluded from owning
territory in the Western
Hemisphere.
(Japan secretly wanted to buy
Baja California from Mexico)
OF1912