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Transcript
Cell Unit What do you know about cells? Vocabulary #1-7 (textbook page 51) 1. Cell - the basic unit of structure and function of living things 2. Microscopic - too small to be seen without using a microscope 3. Organism - any living thing that maintains vital life processes 4. Cell Membrane – the thin covering that surrounds and protects every cell; lets nutrients in and wastes out 5. Nucleus – the part of a cell that directs all the cell’s activities 6. Cytoplasm – a jelly-like material inside a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus 7. Protist - a simple, single-celled or multi-celled organism with a nucleus and organelles Vocabulary #8-14 Moneran - a single celled organism that does not have a membrane bound nucleus. 9. Organelles – the parts of the cell that float in the cytoplasm 10. Mitochondria – called the “powerhouses”, they release energy from nutrients 11. Vacuole - store nutrients, water, or waste until the cell uses or releases these substances 12. Cell Wall – supports and gives shape to the cell 13. Chloroplasts – contains chlorophyll that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food (sugar) 14. Nuclear Membrane – protects the nucleus 8. Lesson 1 What are cells? Six Processes of all Living Things Cell 3 Theory Famous Scientists Plant Cell Animal Cell Six Life Processes of all living things Living things… 1. Take in nutrients 2. Need and use energy to work 3. Reproduce 4. Grow 5. Respond to the world around them 6. Get rid of waste Characteristics of Life #1 3:39 Living or Not Living slides… Characteristics of Life #2 6:07 Cell Theory 1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells The Wacky History of Cell Theory 3 Famous Scientists Anton van Leeuwenhoek As a hobby, he built magnifying lenses and used them to build simple microscopes. He was the first person to see microscopic organisms. Under his microscope, he studied pond water, saliva, and even the plaque from his teeth. He saw tiny living creatures he called "animalcules". He did not know it then, but the tiny animals were bacteria! 3 Famous Scientists Robert Hooke He discovered cells when looking at thin slices of cork through a microscope. Latin for the word room is "cell". He saw a pattern of small rectangular boxlike squares in the cork which reminded him of "little rooms". 3 Famous Scientists Ernest Just He worked hard to get a college degree & majored in biology. He worked in the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA He discovered there were other parts of the cell that did more than just what the nucleus did! Just discovered that cell activity depended not just on the nucleus but also on the cytoplasm (the fluid that fills the cell). He changed the way scientist thought about cells! Cell Videos! Cell Rap Video 3:08 Cell Song Video 3:09 Animal Cell Plant Cell Prokaryotic Cells Do not contain a nucleus Unicellular - the entire organism is only one cell Bacteria and archaea most likely the first type of cells that formed on Earth Eukaryotic Cells Contain a nucleus Multicellular - more complicated Plants and animals A Tour of the Cell 14:16 Plant Cell Vacuole Cell Wall Cell Membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Chloroplast Plant cells cell membrane is a living part of the cell & controls what flows in & out of the cell Rectangular in shape make their own food in the chloroplasts contain vacuoles that are much larger than those that are in animal cells Wonder of Cells 2:55 Why are Cells important? 3:36 Animal Cell •Vacuole •Cell membrane •Cytoplasm •Nucleus •Mitochondria •Ribosome Animal Cell Most animal cells have a nucleus. have a jell-like material outside the nucleus called cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane (do not have a cell wall) There are many kinds of animal cells circular in shape Animal Cell Video 11:35 Single-Celled Organisms 3 types: 1.Animal like Protist • amoeba, paramecium, euglena 2. Plant like Protist • diatoms & euglena 3. Bacteria • type of moneran Intro to the Protists Single Celled Organisms (3 types) 1. Animal like Protists (called Protozoan): Have a nucleus don’t have chlorophyll (can’t make their own ________) they “eat” other small organisms (algae & bacteria) Classified by the way they move and search for food Examples of Animal like Protists: 1. Amoeba - move by having their cytoplasm push against the cell membrane at a certain place 2. Paramecium - move by hair-like structures 3. Euglena- move by a tail-like structure that goes in a circular motion Amoeba eats 2 paramecium! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk Amoeba Cool Fact! Predators - they stretch out their cytoplasm to surround prey & then break it down into nutrients Parasites - harm other organisms by feeding off of them Amoeba Single Celled Organisms (3 types) 2. Plant-like Protists (Algae): have chloroplasts, a cell wall, & make their own food eyespot Many used for sensing light and dark are found floating in the ocean or water Examples of plant like protists: 1. Diatom 2. Euglena (yes, plant like too!) Diatoms Diatoms – single celled organisms that are plant like. Diatoms have chloroplasts and make their own food. This type of algae produce a lot of Earth’s oxygen. They are also produce a lot of food for ocean life. Single Celled Organisms (3 types) 3. Bacteria: Bacteria are a type of Moneran (cell wall, no nucleus) Quick Fact! Moneran is from “monosa” a Greek word meaning solitary, single, alone Most don’t have chlorophyll Smallest of all monerans & found everywhere Some bacteria are beneficial and some are harmful Bacteria are classified by their shape: spherical, rod, spiral, comma, or corkscrew Cilia and flagella are used to help the cell move itself. Digestion Cheese Decomposition Bacteria Video: https://www.brainpop.com/scienc e/cellularlifeandgenetics/bacteria/ Diseases like: Lyme disease anthrax tetanus food poisoning acne pneumonia strep throat scarlet fever cilia flagella Lesson 2: How do cells work together? (txtbk p. 61) 1. Tissue - group of cells that work together to pre a certain function 2. Organs - a group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function 3. Organ Systems - groups of organs that work together to do a job for the body 4. Digestive system – the organ system that turns food into nutrients that body cells need for energy, growth, and repair Cells are Building Blocks Organism There are around 2.5 billion cells in one of your hands. If every cell in your hand was the size of a grain of sand, your hand would be the size of a school bus. There are over 200 cell types in the body! There are many different kinds of cells! They all do specific job for special purposes. Each and every one is important and is part of a larger organ system. Cell Structures 2:13 Lesson 3 How do body Systems Work Together? We Know: Cells work together to perform a certain function form a tissue Tissues work together to form organs Organs are several kinds of tissue working together for the same function We will learn about 8 organ systems: 1. 2. 3. 4. Digestive Circulatory Nervous Respiratory 5. 6. 7. 8. Muscular Skeletal Excretory Endocrine Lesson 3 How do body Systems Work Together? (txtbk pg.71) 1. Circulatory system – the organ system made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood that transports materials throughout the body 2. Respiratory system – the organ system, including the lungs, that exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the body and the environment 3. Skeletal system – the organ system, including the bones, that protects the body and gives it structure 4. Muscular system – the organ system that includes the muscles and allows the body to move 5. Nervous system – the organ system including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that senses your surroundings and controls other organs 6. Excretory system – the organ system, including the kidneys and bladder that removes waste materials from the blood A Closer Look at BLOOD! Plasma • • Mostly water delivers nutrients & removes wastes from cells Red Blood Cells • delivers oxygen White Blood Cells help fight diseases Platelets help clot blood Blood is a connective tissue! 1. Digestive System Breaks food down into chemical nutrients that body cells need for energy, growth, and repair Chemical nutrients are made in the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and small intestines Digestive System process => 1. Mouth-chew food into smaller pieces & glands produce saliva 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach - acid & other chemicals break down food 4. Small intestines – lined with villi 5. Nutrients pass into the blood through the walls of the villi in the small intestines Pancreas & gall bladder – complete digestion Digestion video! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QYwscALNng 2. Circulatory System One of the most vital systems Includes the heart, blood vessels, & blood Blood vessels include arteries, capillaries, & veins The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, & wastes throughout the body Circulatory System process => Arteries - blood leaves the heart Capillaries - very tiny Veins – return blood to the heart Circulatory video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue-AMo Arteries-red Veins-blue 3. Nervous System Directs other systems’ activities & connects all the tissues and organs to your brain The organs in the nervous systems are: neurons - use chemicals & electricity to send messages brain & spinal cord - main control centers and process all messages Nervous systems 2 main parts: 1. Central nervous system – brain & spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system – sensory organs (eyes, ears, fingers, nose, mouth) School House Rock-Nervous system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivk_irrH1WY 4. Respiratory System The lungs are made up of epithial & connective tissue Respiratory System process => 1. Nose/Mouth - tiny hairs filter the air 2. Throat - Larynx & Pharynx 3. Trachea 4. Bronchi - tubes that branch to the lungs 5. Lungs 6. Alveoli - oxygen moves into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves into the lungs to be exhaled Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPdGQA_yM4&list=PL1CzFup4D2Cf4umSaFI_CCp8uhxHC 9xaQ&index=7 5. Muscular System Muscles are a type of connective tissue Types of muscle: 1. Skeletal – work in pairs to contract & straighten, we can control these muscles 2. Smooth – walls of body organs 3. Cardiac – walls of the heart *smooth & cardiac muscles are involuntary-we can’t control them Tendons move bones 6. Skeletal System Babies have more bones than adults! Babies have around 306 bones Adults bones fuse together to end up with 206 bones Skeletal Systems includes: Bones – blood cells are produces inside the largest bones Cartilage – spongy tissue that cushions the end of bones Ligaments - hold bones together 7. Excretory System Excretes (or rids the body of) wastes by removing solid waste and urine This process balances the amount of water and salts in our bodies The organs in the excretory system are kidneys (main organ), ureter, bladder, urethra Kidneys have filter magic & keep us hydrated! 8. Endocrine System Glands of the Endocrine System: 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroids 5. Adrenal glands 6. Pineal gland 7. Pancreas Endocrine System Vocab: 1. Endocrine System – is involved in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism. 2. Duct gland – a channel through which secretions are carried to specific locations in the body (tear & sweat glands) 3. Ductless gland (Endocrine Glands) – secrete hormones into the blood stream 4. Hypothalamus – produces hormones that control the pituitary gland 5. Pituitary Gland – master gland of the endocrine system 6. Pineal Gland – influences sleep-wake cycles in our body 7. Thyroid Gland – produces hormones that controls how the body uses & stores fuel 8. Pancreas – part of the digestive system, produces hormones that 9. Adrenal glands – above each kidney, secretes adrenaline regulate glucose Hypothalamus Located in the lower central part of the brain Part of the endocrine and nervous system Connected to the pituitary gland Controls the body’s temperature, blood pressure, and emotions Produces hormones that control the pituitary gland Hypothalamus Video Pituitary Gland Located at the base of the brain below the hypothalamus Called the “master gland” Size of a pea Produces hormones that regulate hormones production on other endocrine glands Such as: growth hormone, keeps the balance of water in our body, and endorphins (desensitizes us to pain) Pituitary Gland Video Pineal Gland Located in the middle of the brain Produces “sleep-wake” hormone Pineal Gland Video Thyroid Thyroid is located in the front part of lower neck Shaped like a bow tie or butterfly Responsible for metabolism Controlled by pituitary gland Parathyroids Attached to the thyroid Four tiny glands that function together Regulates the level of calcium in the body Thyroid & Parathyroid Gland Video Adrenal Glands Located on the top of each kidney Helps the body’s response to stress Produces the hormone, Adrenaline, which increases blood pressure & heart rate when the body experiences stress Adrenal Gland Video Fight of Flight Video Pancreas A duct and ductless gland Located behind the stomach Produces hormones that regulate glucose in the blood Pancreas Video