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Bell Ringer: Read pg. 316-321 1. What causes infectious disease? 2. What are the different types of pathogens? 3. How are infectious diseases spread? HEALTH Prevention and Control of Disease Lesson 2 Pathogens Disease causing agents that have the ability to make you sick or even cause death They are found in the air and food and on nearly every object or person who you come in contact with Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease Uncontrollable Risk Factors Heredity Chromosomal traits and family history Aging Vulnerability increases with age Environmental Conditions Unsanitary conditions, drugs, chemicals, and pollutants Organism Resistance Some pathogens are resistant to our body’s defenses and/or medical treatments Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease Controllable Risk Factors Stress Nutrition Physical fitness level Sleep Drug use Hygiene High-risk behaviors Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease Routes of Pathogen Transmission Direct Contact Touching, kissing, sexual relations Indirect Contact Touching an object that an infected person has had contact with Airborne Contact Breathing in air that carries a pathogen Food-borne infection Eating something that is contaminated by microorganisms Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease Routes of Pathogen Transmission Animal-borne pathogens Animals can spread diseases through bites, feces, or by carrying infected insects into living areas Water-borne diseases Transmitted from drinking water, from foods washed or sprayed with contaminated water, or from wading or swimming in contaminated streams, lakes or reservoirs Perinatal Mothers can transmit diseases to an infant in the womb or as the baby passes through the vagina during birth Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease Bacteria Single-celled organisms There are several thousands of species, but only about 100 cause diseases in humans Most of the time it is not the bacteria that is causing the diseases, but it is the toxins that are produced by the bacteria They can be seen under a standard microscope Bacterial Diseases Staphylococcal Infections These bacteria are normally on our skin at all times and usually do not cause problems When a cut or break in the skin occurs, the bacteria may enter and cause an infection Acne, boils, styes (eyelid infections), wounds are common staph infections Bacterial Diseases Streptococcal Infections Pneumonia Causes strep throat and scarlet fever One form is caused by a bacterial infection with the following symptoms chronic cough, chest pain, chills, high fever, fluid accumulation and eventual respiratory failure Bacterial infections are commonly handled with antibiotics Bacterial Diseases Legionnaire’s Disease A water-borne disease with symptoms similar to those of pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) An airborne disease where bacteria infiltrate the lungs and cause a chronic inflammatory reaction Symptoms include coughing, weight loss, fever and spitting up blood Viruses Minute parasitic microbes that live inside another cell Over 150 viruses are known to cause diseases in humans Viruses Viral diseases are hard to treat because many can withstand heat, chemicals and large doses of radiation with little effect on their structure. A virus once it enters the body - lies dormant and it becomes manageable with a healthy immune system. What diseases are caused by viruses? Smallpox Measles Hepatitis Human papilloma virus Herpes Rabies HIV (virus that causes AIDS) The common cold Chickenpox Influenza Shingles Polio Ebola Cold sores Viruses How are viruses prevented and treated? Viral infections require either vaccinations to prevent them or antiviral drugs to treat them. Vaccinations are generally the cheapest and most effective way to prevent viruses. Currently, vaccinations exist for polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and smallpox among others. In fact, vaccinations have been instrumental in eliminating diseases such as smallpox and reducing other viral diseases to extremely rare status. Virus vaccinations consist of a weakened form of the virus (liveattenuated viruses) or viral proteins called antigens. Viral Diseases The Common Cold There may be over 200 different viruses responsible Carried into the nose and throat most of the time Stress, allergies, and menstrual cycles appear to increase susceptibility Viral Diseases Influenza (flu) Symptoms include aches and pains, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and cold like ailments In healthy people, it is usually not serious However, when combined with other disorders, among the elderly, those with respiratory or heart disease, children under 5 the flu can be very serious Viral Diseases Mononucleosis (mono or the kissing disease) Symptoms include sore throat, fever, headache, nausea, chills, weakness or tiredness, lymph nodes may swell, jaundice, spleen enlargement, aching joints, and body rashes may occur May be transmitted through body fluids but does not appear to be easily contracted through normal, everyday contact Viral Diseases Hepatitis Causes inflammation of the liver Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, skin rashes, pain in the upper right abdomen, dark yellow urine, and jaundice Viral Diseases Hepatitis A (HAV) Hepatitis B (HBV) Contracted from eating food or drinking water contaminated with human feces Spread through body fluids, usually during unprotected sex Can lead to liver disease or liver cancer Hepatitis C (HBC) Some cases can be traced from people who share needles, blood transfusions or organ transplants Usually causes chronic infections and if not treated may cause cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, or liver failure Viral Diseases Measles Symptoms appear about 10 days after exposure and include an itchy rash and a high fever and may lead to other problems such as rheumatic heart disease, kidney damage and neurological disorders Can you answer the following questions? 1. Which pathogen is curable with antibiotics? a. Fungus b. Bacteria c. Virus d. Parasite II. Which pathogen is manageable but will lie dormant in your system? a. Fungus b. Protozoa c. Virus d. Parasite Other Pathogens Fungi Multicellular or unicellular primitive plants that inhabit our environment Many are useful providing food such as mushrooms and cheeses Some produce infections Candidiasis (vaginal) Athlete’s foot Ringworm Jock itch Other Pathogens Protozoa Microscopic, singlecelled organisms that can cause disease Trichomoniasis transmitted Giardiasis found sexually in water Malaria Via mosquitoes Other Pathogens Parasitic Worms Usually associated with eating raw fish Cooking fish and other foods to high temperatures will kill the worms and their eggs to prevent infestation Pinworms Tapeworms Match the descriptions to the microorganisms Date and answer these in your Journal! Microorganism Description Virus Have a cell wall. Thousands of them can fit onto a single full stop. Can reproduce on their own. Bacteria Can only be seen with powerful microscopes. Cannot reproduce on their own. Take over living cells in order to reproduce. Vary in size from microscopic to much larger organisms. Some grow on skin and can make skin red and sore. Can reproduce on their own. Fungus Match the descriptions to the microorganisms Microorganism Description Virus Bacteria Fungus Can only be seen with powerful microscopes. Cannot reproduce on there own. Take over living cells in order to reproduce. Have a cell wall. Thousands of them can fit onto a single full stop. Can reproduce on their own. Vary in size from microscopic to much larger organisms. Some grow on skin and can make skin red and sore. Can reproduce on their own. Summary There are three types of microorganism _____, bacteria and fungi. Some microorganisms can cause _______. These microorganisms can _______ cells or produce _______. Our body has ________ to protect us from disease. Some disease are not caused by microorganisms, these are called __________ diseases. disease defences lifestyle Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease virus toxins damage Summary There are three types of micro-organisms virus, bacteria and fungi. Some microorganisms can cause disease. These microorganisms can damage cells or produce toxins. Our body has defences to protect us from disease. Some disease are not caused by microorganisms, these are called lifestyle diseases. disease defences lifestyle Unit 5: Prevention & Control of Disease virus toxins damage Study packet Using this power point and your book if necessary answer the questions under # 13